Questions and Answers
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is bioinformatics?
The application of computer science to the digital storage, retrieval and analysis of biological data.
What is a clade?
A branch of a cladogram that comprises a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
What does a cladogram depict?
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What is comparative genomics?
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What is conjugation in bacterial cells?
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Conserved amino acids are changed during evolution.
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What is the distance method in evolutionary studies?
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What is divergent evolution?
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What is a DNA barcode?
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What technique is used to determine DNA similarity between species?
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What is the order of nucleotides in DNA called?
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What does evolutionary developmental biology study?
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What is evolutionary distance?
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What is gene duplication?
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What are homologous genes?
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What is horizontal gene transfer?
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What does it mean to hybridise in molecular biology?
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What are isoenzymes?
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What is a lineage in evolutionary terms?
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What is the locus of a gene?
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What is a master control gene?
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What does maternally inherited mean?
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What is melting temperature in DNA-DNA hybridisation?
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What is a molecular clock?
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What is molecular homology?
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What is monophyletic in taxonomy?
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What is a node in a phylogenetic tree?
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What is a nucleotide sequence?
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What are orthologues?
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What is pairwise comparison in evolutionary studies?
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What are paralogues?
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What is paraphyletic in taxonomy?
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What is phyletic evolution?
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What is a phylogenetic tree?
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What does phylogeny mean?
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What is a phylogram?
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What is a pseudogene?
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What is a regulatory gene?
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What is a rooted tree in phylogenetics?
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What is sequence alignment?
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What is speciation?
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What is a structural gene?
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What is synteny?
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What is systematics?
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What is taxonomy?
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What is a transforming growth factor?
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What is an unrooted tree?
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Study Notes
Molecular Homology Concepts
- Amino Acid Sequence: Fundamental to protein structure; defines the arrangement of 20 different amino acids in polypeptides.
- Bioinformatics: Integrates computer science with biology to manage and analyze vast biological datasets.
- Clade: A segment of a cladogram that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants, reflecting evolutionary relationships.
- Cladogram: A diagram used to illustrate hypothetical evolutionary relationships among various species.
- Comparative Genomics: Focuses on contrasting DNA sequences, gene arrangements, and chromosome structures across species.
- Conjugation: A process in bacteria where two cells connect to transfer genetic material directly.
Genetic Relationships
- Conserved Sequences: Refers to unchanged amino acids in polypeptide sequences or nucleotides in DNA over evolutionary time, indicating stability.
- Distance Method: An evolutionary analysis technique that evaluates genetic distances between species to infer relationships.
- Divergent Evolution: Occurs when one ancestral species splits to form multiple descendant species, leading to diversity.
- DNA Barcode: A specific nucleotide sequence that uniquely identifies a species, subspecies, or variety.
Molecular Techniques
- DNA-DNA Hybridisation: A method to assess DNA similarity between species through the separation and recombination of DNA strands.
- DNA Sequence: The arrangement of four nucleotide types in a DNA segment, fundamental to genetic coding.
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology: Examines how species evolve and develop by comparing embryonic stages across different organisms.
- Evolutionary Distance: Measures the genetic change (substitutions) in homologous sequences since two organisms diverged.
Gene Dynamics
- Gene Duplication: The formation of an additional copy of a gene due to chromosomal mutations or polyploidy, crucial for evolutionary diversity.
- Homologous Genes: Genes that share sequences, indicating a common ancestor, with examples found in different or same species.
- Horizontal Gene Transfer: Allows for genetic material incorporation between different organisms, often seen in bacteria.
Phylogenetic Analysis
- Node: Represents a common ancestor in phylogenetic trees, marking points where species divergence occurs.
- Orthologues: Genes across different species that diverged due to speciation from a common ancestor.
- Paralogues: Genes within the same species that arise from gene duplication and exhibit mutations over time.
- Monophyletic Group: A category of species that descend from a single common ancestor.
- Paraphyletic Group: A taxonomic group that includes some but not all descendants of a common ancestor.
Evolutionary Trees and Models
- Phylogenetic Tree: Visual representation exhibiting the evolutionary relationships among species.
- Phylogram: A type of phylogenetic tree where branch lengths correlate to the number of genetic changes.
- Molecular Clock: Estimates the time since divergence by measuring accumulated genetic substitutions.
Genetic Mechanisms
- Master Control Gene: Regulates the expression of multiple genes influencing body structures and cell differentiation during development.
- Regulatory Gene: Produces factors that control the activation or deactivation of other genes.
Additional Concepts
- Pseudogene: Non-functional genes resulting from mutations during evolution.
- Synteny: The preservation of gene order in chromosome segments across different species.
- Systematics: Classifies organisms based on their evolutionary histories, significant for taxonomy and conservation.
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Description
This quiz features key terms and definitions related to molecular homology. It covers topics such as amino acid sequences, bioinformatics, and clades, essential for understanding evolutionary biology. Test your knowledge and improve your grasp of these concepts.