Molecular Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is found ONLY in dividing plant cells?

  • spindle
  • cell plate (correct)
  • DNA
  • sister chromatids

    • The area where a dividing animal cell pinches in is called the

  • spindle
  • centromere
  • metaphase plate
  • cleavage furrow (correct)

    • Which of the following does NOT apply to mitosis?

  • produces 4 cells (correct)
  • occurs in body cells
  • daughter cells are identical to one another
  • DNA is replicated once and there is one division

    • During which phase(s) of mitosis are sister chromatids visible?

    <p>anaphase and prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason why cells undergo cell division?

    <p>produce DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

    <p>the 3 stages of interphase are G1, G2 and G3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the cytoplasm of a cell divides?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a change in one base in the DNA sequence leads to a different codon, but still codes for the same amino acid, this is an example of a

    <p>Silent mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT matched correctly?

    <p>Ribosome: composed of codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a display of the 46 chromosomes of an individual called?

    <p>Karyotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe cells with two sets of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following situations would be least likely to happen as a result of a skin cell mutation?

    <p>The individual's children will have the mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of mutation that occurs due to errors in meiosis or DNA replication is

    <p>Spontaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for the genetic makeup of an individual?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of mutation that occurs due to exposure to mutagens is

    <p>Induced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs during gamete formation?

    <p>Principle of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events does NOT occur during transcription?

    <p>Peptide bonds form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance pattern is exhibited by Reptilius weirdus?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio when crossing a red R. weirdus and a striped R. weirdus?

    <p>3:1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible genotypes of the offspring when crossing a red R. weirdus (rr) and a striped R. weirdus (Rr)?

    <p>Rr, rr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, and pink flowers are seen in the offspring, this is an example of?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination below represents a cross between a female carrier for color blindness and a normal male?

    <p>XBXb × XBY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of a male offspring being colorblind when crossing a female carrier for the gene and a normal male?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trait being tracked through this family is:

    <p>Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of individuals 3, 4, and 5?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between individuals 6 and 9?

    <p>Father and son</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cells result from meiosis?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT true?

    <p>Replication proceeds in both directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following separates homologous chromosomes in Anaphase II?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar does DNA contain?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for sending messages?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transcription and translation, what is the mRNA sequence corresponding to the DNA sequence 'TAC GGC CTA ACG GTC TTA ACT'?

    <p>AUG GGC CUA ACG GTC UUA ACU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mendel's hypotheses, what does a heterozygous individual express?

    <p>The dominant trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Mendelian principle involves the inheritance of one allele from each parent?

    <p>Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cytokinesis differ between animal cells and plant cells?

    <p>Plant cells form a cell plate, animal cells form a cleavage furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cross between a homozygous tall, round pea plant and a homozygous short, wrinkled pea plant, what will the genotype of the offspring be?

    <p>TtRr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Mendel's hypotheses explains why homozygous individuals have the same trait?

    <p>Homozygous individuals have identical alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenotypic ratio results from crossing a homozygous tall, round pea plant with a homozygous short, wrinkled pea plant?

    <p>100% tall, round</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves homologous chromosomes lining up at the metaphase plate?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic rearrangement involves a segment of a chromosome being removed?

    <p>Deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of offspring is expected to have short whiskers from the cross of two long-whiskered Smelly Cats, one that is homozygous dominant and one that is heterozygous?

    <p>0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the separation of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a chromosomal rearrangement that results in a segment being repeated?

    <p>Duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis II do the sister chromatids finally separate and move toward opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a base substitution mutation typically not as serious as a base insertion or deletion?

    <p>Substitution only changes one base, while insertion/deletion can replace entire bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way a genotype produces a phenotype?

    <p>Through the influence of proteins and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proteins influence phenotype?

    <p>Proteins directly determine the physical characteristics of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the environment play in genotype expression?

    <p>The environment interacts with the genotype to produce the phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic mutation involves the replacement of a single base with another base?

    <p>Base substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about meiosis is NOT true?

    <p>It results in 4 identical cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through the process of meiosis, ___ organisms produce ___ gametes.

    <p>Diploid, Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

    <p>Crossing over occurs between sister chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anaphase I differ from anaphase II?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes separate in anaphase I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about chromosome accidents is NOT true?

    <p>Failure of chromosomes to separate only occurs in meiosis II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Labrador Retriever has the genotype EEBb. Which of the following statements about this dog is NOT true?

    <p>This dog could be a parent of yellow puppies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event in meiosis increases genetic variation?

    <p>Crossing over between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To reduce the chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Genetics

    Part A: True or False

    • Sperm and egg cell nuclei do not fuse during replication.
    • Homologous chromosomes pair up during Prophase I to form chromatids.
    • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
    • The structure that holds sister chromatids together and attaches to the spindle is not the centriole.
    • The exchange of genetic material between adjacent sister chromatids is not called gene exchange.
    • A display of the 46 chromosomes of an individual is called a karyotype.
    • Each sex chromosome in a pair does not carry the same sequence of genes controlling the same trait.
    • Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction, not asexual reproduction.
    • The principle of independent assortment states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
    • Haploid cells do not contain two homologous sets of chromosomes.
    • Another term for "hybrid" is not homozygous.
    • For each gene, offspring inherit one allele from each parent.
    • If the two alleles for a trait are the same, the genotype is referred to as homozygous.
    • Exons are coding regions within eukaryotic genes, not non-coding regions.

    Part B: Multiple Choice

    Meiosis and Chromosomes

    • Meiosis produces 4 haploid cells, not identical cells.
    • Meiosis occurs in sex organs, produces sex cells, and results in 4 haploid cells.
    • Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, producing a single chromosome with a new combination of genetic information from different parents.

    Genotype

    • The genotype of individuals 3, 4, & 5 is heterozygous.

    Pedigree Questions

    • The trait being tracked through this family is recessive.
    • Individuals 6 and 9 are grandfather and son.
    • 4 individuals in this family are not affected by the trait.

    Multiple Choice Questions

    • A change in one base in the DNA sequence that leads to a different codon, but still codes for the same amino acid, is an example of a silent mutation.
    • DNA template is both sides of the DNA molecule, RNA transcript is composed of mRNA, ribosome is composed of codons, and tRNA molecule carries the anticodon and an amino acid.
    • Skin cell mutation can lead to skin cancer, but not necessarily the individual's children having the mutation.

    Part C: Matching

    • Meiosis diagrams:
      • Anaphase I: sister chromatids separate
      • Telophase I: nuclear envelope reforms
      • Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
      • Metaphase II: sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell
    • Chromosome accidents:
      • Translocation: pieces of non-homologous chromosomes break off and trade places
      • Deletion: sections of chromosomes are deleted
      • Inversion: sections of chromosomes are sometimes duplicated, deleted, or inverted
      • Duplication: sections of chromosomes are duplicated

    Part D: Punnett Squares

    • Long whiskers are dominant over short whiskers in Smelly Cats.
    • The type of inheritance pattern in Reptilius weirdus is 3:1:1.
    • The phenotypic ratio is 3:1:1:0.5.
    • The probability of having short whiskers is 0%.

    Short Answer

    • The four hypotheses that Mendel developed are:
      • You inherit one allele from each parent
      • The shown trait in a heterozygous individual is dominant, hidden is recessive
      • Homozygous have the same trait, heterozygous are different
      • The traits segregate resulting in the Principle of Segregation
    • Cytokinesis differs in animal cells compared to plant cells due to the structure of the cell wall in plants.
    • In garden peas, tall (T) vine is dominant over short (t) vine, and round pea pod (R) is dominant over wrinkled pea pod (r).
    • The probability of each phenotype combination is 0.5.

    Meiosis vs. Mitosis

    • Meiosis results in 4 cells, while mitosis results in 2 cells.
    • Meiosis separates homologous chromosomes in Anaphase II, while mitosis separates sister chromatids in Anaphase.

    RNA vs. DNA

    • RNA is single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded.
    • RNA has ribose sugar, while DNA has deoxyribose sugar.
    • Thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA.

    Types of RNA

    • mRNA (messenger RNA) sends messages.
    • tRNA (transfer RNA) transfers proteins.
    • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) attaches to ribosomes.

    DNA Replication Steps

    1. DNA is separated.
    2. DNA is replicated.
    3. One strand is given to each cell.

    Transcription and Translation

    • DNA: TAC GGC CTA ACG GTC TTA ACT
    • mRNA: AUG CCC GAU UGC CAG AAU UGA
    • aa: MET PRO ASP CYS GLU ASP STOP

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    Description

    Test your understanding of molecular genetics with this true or false quiz. Topics covered include meiosis, chromosomes, and cell division.

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