Molecular Genetics and Mendelian Inheritance
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following nitrogen bases pairs with Adenine?

  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine (correct)
  • Uracil

    • The two strands of DNA run in the same direction.

    False (B)

    What is the total number of homologous pairs of chromosomes in humans?

  • 46
  • 24
  • 22
  • 23 (correct)

    • What are the three components of a nucleotide?

    <p>phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hershey and Chase experiment demonstrated that proteins are the hereditary material.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first proposed the transformation principle through his experiments with bacteria?

    <p>Frederick Griffith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is structured as a twisted ladder known as a ______.

    <p>double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ strain of Streptococcus bacteria causes pneumonia.

    <p>S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the scientist to their contribution to the understanding of DNA.

    <p>Wilkins = X-Ray crystallography Franklin = Sugar phosphate backbone Watson and Crick = Model of DNA Griffith = Transformation experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the DNA structure is referred to as the 'rails' of the ladder?

    <p>Sugar and phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists to their contributions:

    <p>Frederick Griffith = Proposed the transformation principle Avery, McLeod and McCarty = Confirmed DNA as the transforming substance Hershey and Chase = Demonstrated that DNA is the hereditary material Watson and Crick = Model of DNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytosine pairs with Adenine in the DNA structure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant achievement was accomplished by February 2001?

    <p>Completion of the Human Genome Project (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of transformation, there is an increase in genetic variety.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two strands of DNA based on their functionality.

    <p>coding strand, non-coding strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, the sequence of one strand determines the sequence of the ______.

    <p>other strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria was used in Avery, McLeod, and McCarty's experiments?

    <p>Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis did Wilkins and Franklin use to determine the structure of DNA?

    <p>X-Ray crystallography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human genome consists of approximately _______ base pairs.

    <p>3 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the population of bacteria during the process of transformation?

    <p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA stand for?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mendel's research on inheritance patterns was widely recognized immediately after he presented it.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>To carry genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complete set of an organism's hereditary information is called the __________.

    <p>genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>DNA = Primary carrier of genetic information Gene = Coding region of DNA for proteins RNA = Molecule that transmits the genetic code to ribosomes Polypeptide = Chain of amino acids formed during protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do humans have?

    <p>46 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are synthesized directly from DNA.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genotype?

    <p>The genetic makeup of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mendel's work laid the foundation for __________ genetics.

    <p>modern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a gene is activated to produce a protein?

    <p>Polypeptides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    DNA

    The primary carrier of genetic information in living organisms.

    Chromosomes

    Structures that carry DNA.

    Gene

    Coding region of DNA that builds proteins for traits.

    Protein synthesis

    Process of making proteins from DNA instructions.

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    Gregor Mendel

    Scientist who studied inheritance patterns in peas.

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    Inheritance

    Passing traits from parents to offspring.

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    Genotype

    The genetic makeup of an organism.

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    Phenotype

    The observable physical traits of an organism.

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    Genome

    Complete set of an organism's hereditary information.

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    RNA

    Molecule that copies DNA sequence to build proteins.

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    Homologous Chromosome Pairs

    Twenty-three pairs of chromosomes found in humans, each carrying over 20,000 genes and comprising 3 billion base pairs.

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    Human Genome Project

    A scientific project that successfully decoded the human genetic code.

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    Transformation Principle

    Process where one bacterium takes up DNA from another dead bacterium (or related species).

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    Transformation (decrease/increase)

    Transformation process leads to a decrease in the harmful bacteria population and an increase in genetic diversity

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    Virulent Bacteria

    Extremely infectious bacteria, causing disease.

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    R-Strand vs S-Strand

    R-Strand bacteria does not cause pneumonia, while S-Strand bacteria causes pneumonia.

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    Avery, McLeod, and McCarty Experiment

    Experiment that confirmed DNA is the transforming substance.

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    Hershey-Chase Experiment

    Experiment demonstrating that DNA is the hereditary material.

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    Nucleotide

    The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.

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    Nitrogenous Bases

    The four types of bases found in DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).

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    Complementary Base Pairing

    The specific way nitrogenous bases pair up in DNA: Adenine with Thymine (A-T), and Cytosine with Guanine (C-G).

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    Antiparallel Strands

    The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.

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    Double Helix

    The twisted ladder-like shape of a DNA molecule, formed by two antiparallel strands.

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    Phosphate-Sugar Backbone

    The outer part of the DNA helix, formed by alternating sugars and phosphates.

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    X-ray crystallography

    A technique used to determine the structure of molecules by analyzing the pattern of X-rays scattered by the molecule.

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    Watson and Crick

    The scientists who built the first accurate model of DNA.

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    Coding Strand

    The strand of DNA that encodes for traits. The other strand is 'non-coding'.

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    Study Notes

    Molecular Genetics - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

    • DNA is the primary carrier of genetic information in all living organisms.
    • DNA ensures the continuity of a species' genetic traits.
    • DNA is responsible for transmitting hereditary information through chromosomes.
    • The number of chromosomes varies across species, with humans having 46.
    • After cell division, chromosomes unravel and become functional throughout the new nucleus.
    • DNA codes for each protein required by the body.
    • When a protein needs to be produced, the relevant gene activates.
    • A gene is a coding region of DNA containing instructions to build proteins for inherited traits.
    • The nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into ribonucleic acid (RNA).
    • RNA moves into the cytoplasm and is translated by ribosomes into amino acid chains called polypeptides.
    • Polypeptides modify to form functional proteins, a process known as protein synthesis.

    Mendel's Discoveries

    • In 1865, Gregor Mendel presented his research on inheritance patterns in pea plants to the Natural Science Society in Brunn, Austria.
    • Mendel's findings were not widely recognised initially, but later proved consistent with evolving biological theories and the idea of species change and evolution.
    • Mendel's work forms the foundation of modern genetics.
    • Mendel discovered that traits are predictable through plant pollination, leading to the identification of inherited characteristics.
    • Traits' factors were passed from parents to offspring.
    • Genotype codes for phenotype.

    The Genome

    • The genome encompasses the complete set of an organism's hereditary information.
    • Humans have 23 homologous chromosome pairs.
    • Each chromosome pair contains more than 20,000 different genes.
    • Chromosomes combine to form approximately 3 billion base pairs.
    • In 2001, the human genome was successfully sequenced through the Human Genome Project.

    Transformation Principle (Frederick Griffith)

    • Bacteria can take up DNA from a dead cell of the same or a related species.
    • Transformation results in a decrease in the population of a specific type of bacteria.
    • This process results in an increase in genetic variety.

    Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's Experiment

    • This experiment confirmed DNA as the transforming substance.
    • They used Streptococcus bacteria strands, with the virulent S-strain and non-virulent R-strain.
    • The experiment confirmed that DNA holds the information for traits.

    Hershey–Chase Experiment

    • Demonstrated that DNA is the hereditary material.
    • The experiment used viruses to transfer DNA and protein into bacterial cells.

    DNA Structure

    • DNA is a chain of nucleotides.
    • Each nucleotide comprises a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (one of four).
    • Four types of nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
    • These bases pair in a complementary way (A with T, C with G) forming a ladder-like structure.
    • DNA strands run antiparallel (opposite directions).
    • Sugar-phosphate groups form the backbone (sides of the ladder).
    • Nitrogenous bases connect to create the rungs of the ladder.
    • DNA's double helix structure arises from the twisting of the ladder-like structure.

    Wilkins and Franklin's X-Ray Crystallography

    • X-ray crystallography determined that sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside of the DNA molecule.
    • It provided key insights into DNA's structure.

    Watson and Crick

    • Watson and Crick built the first accurate model of DNA using previous research findings.
    • Their model accurately depicted the double helix structure of DNA.

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    Related Documents

    Unit 3: Molecular Genetics PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of molecular genetics and the principles of inheritance as discovered by Gregor Mendel. This quiz covers DNA's role as the genetic material, the process of protein synthesis, and the implications of Mendelian genetics. Test your knowledge on key concepts and terminology in genetics.

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