Molecular Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct description of the central dogma?

  • The flow of information is from RNA to DNA.
  • Information flows from DNA to mRNA and is then translated into protein. (correct)
  • Central dogma has no significance in molecular biology.
  • It describes the synthesis of RNA from RNA.

    • Which statement about reverse transcription in retroviruses is correct?

  • It follows the central dogma of molecular biology.
  • It occurs exclusively in eukaryotic organisms.
  • Retroviruses do not utilize reverse transcription.
  • It results in the production of more DNA from RNA. (correct)

    • Which RNA polymerase is responsible for the transcription of tRNA, 5S rRNA, and snRNAs?

  • RNA polymerase I
  • RNA polymerase II
  • RNA polymerase III (correct)
  • RNA polymerase IV

    • What is the significance of the 5' → 3' direction in DNA replication?

    <p>Nucleotides can only be added to the 3' end of the growing DNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzymes are primarily involved in the joining of discontinuously synthesized fragments during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome has the most genes?

    <p>Chromosome 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>To compare DNA sequences of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to create DNA fingerprinting technology?

    <p>Alec Jeffrey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are SNPs in the context of genetics?

    <p>Single nucleotide polymorphisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure did Watson and Crick discover?

    <p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of DNA is primarily examined in DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Repetitive DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique was used by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin to study DNA?

    <p>X-ray crystallography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlies the genetic mapping of the human genome?

    <p>Variation in DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the initiation of transcription?

    <p>Rho factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing rRNA?

    <p>RNA polymerase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'aninoacylation of tRNA' refer to?

    <p>Linkage of amino acids to their cognate tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the initial steps in the process of translation?

    <p>The small subunit encounters an mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of SNPs?

    <p>They represent variations in a single nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the technique of DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Alec Jeffreys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of protein polymerization involve?

    <p>Linking of amino acids to form a peptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

    <p>Euchromatin is transcriptionally more active than heterochromatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the process of DNA replication?

    <p>The strands synthesized discontinuously are joined by DNA ligase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are regions in DNA where replication begins called?

    <p>Origins of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place in eukaryotes?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Frederick Griffith's experiments with Streptococcus?

    <p>He demonstrated the miraculous transformation of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what role does DNA play?

    <p>It serves as a template to synthesize RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the copying process differ between DNA replication and transcription?

    <p>Only a segment of DNA is transcribed during transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes heterochromatin in a nucleus?

    <p>It is transcriptionally inactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed when DNA wraps around histone proteins?

    <p>Nucleosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Francis Crick propose in relation to molecular biology?

    <p>The central dogma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the sequence of elements in a transcription unit?

    <p>Promoter - Gene - Terminator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of AUG in protein synthesis?

    <p>It initiates protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cistron?

    <p>A sequence of DNA that quotes for a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is responsible for sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Point mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of inheritance according to Mendelian genetics?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the relationship between bacteriophages and the copying of DNA strands?

    <p>Bacteriophages only replicate one strand of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry amino acids and read the genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interruption occurs in the coding sequence of a gene?

    <p>Introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA has a cloverleaf structure?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ribosome play during translation?

    <p>It facilitates the formation of polypeptides from amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing rRNA?

    <p>RNA polymerase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of adding amino acids to tRNA?

    <p>Aminoacylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rRNA in the ribosome?

    <p>It catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of transcription initiation, what is the role of the sigma factor?

    <p>To assist RNA polymerase in recognizing promoter regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Nucleic acids are unique in their ability to direct their own replication. Offspring traits depend on precise DNA replication and transmission.
    • DNA is the primary genetic material in most organisms, while RNA also serves as genetic material in some viruses.
    • DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, with a base pair defining a nucleotide pair.
    • A nucleotide comprises a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group.
    • Purines (Adenine and Guanine) and Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine) are the nitrogenous bases.
    • Cytosine is found in both DNA and RNA; Thymine is in DNA; Uracil is in RNA.
    • A nucleoside is a nitrogenous base linked to a pentose sugar via an N-glycosidic bond.
    • A nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups linked to the 5'-OH of the nucleoside via phosphodiester linkages.
    • Two nucleotides are linked by a 3'-5' phosphodiester bond, creating a polynucleotide chain.
    • DNA is a double helix; two chains run in opposite directions (antiparallel).
    • Bases are paired via hydrogen bonds; A-T (2 bonds) and G-C (3 bonds).
    • The double helix's stability is enhanced by base-pairing interactions.
    • DNA replication is semiconservative. Each daughter molecule has one original and one new strand.
    • DNA replication requires enzyme DNA polymerase.
    • DNA replication proceeds in one direction (5' to 3') during the process of continuous replication.
    • DNA replication occurs at replication forks.
    • Replication is initiated with the help of helicase enzyme.
    • DNA polymerase is needed for DNA replication and it catalyzes the polymerization process from 5' to 3' on a template strand.
    • Replication in one strand is continuous while in the other strand it's discontinuous forming Okazaki fragments, which are joined by DNA ligase.
    • Replication of DNA takes place at the S phase of the cell cycle.
    • Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA, where only one segment of DNA is copied.
    • RNA is made up of ribonucleotides containing RNA.
    • mRNA acts as a template; tRNA carries amino acids and rRNA performs structural and catalytic functions.
    • The mRNA serves as a template; tRNA transports amino acids and reads the genetic information; rRNA performs structural and catalytic functions during translation.
    • The primary transcript is non-functional and contains both exons and introns, undergoing splicing to delete introns.
    • In transcription, the promoter positioned at the 5' end recruits RNA polymerase.
    • The terminator at the 3' end halts transcription, aided by rho factor.
    • A cistron is a segment of DNA coding for a polypeptide.
    • DNA is the primary genetic material in most organisms.
    • The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
    • Proof that DNA is the genetic material was given by Hershey and Chase.
    • Histones are rich in arginine and lysine and are positively charged proteins.
    • A single nucleosome includes around 200 base pairs.
    • Chromatin is the nucleosome's repeating unit.
    • Heterochromatin is densely packed chromatin; euchromatin is loosely packed and transcriptionally active.
    • DNA replicates semi-conservatively.
    • The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA is called transcription.
    • Genetic code is triplet, degenerate, and universal.
    • A codon specifies an amino acid; three codons (stop codons) do not specify amino acids.
    • Translation is the process of protein synthesis, transferring the genetic information from mRNA to a polypeptide.
    • tRNA acts as an 'adapter' molecule to match mRNA codons to amino acids.
    • rRNA plays structural and catalytic roles in protein synthesis.
    • Griffith's experiment demonstrated bacterial transformation, showing that some substance from dead bacteria is transferred to live bacteria.
    • Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identified DNA as the transforming principle.
    • Hershey and Chase proved that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages.
    • Mutations alter genetic code, leading to changes in proteins and phenotypes.
    • Some mutations, such as point mutations, are single base pair alterations.
    • Insertion or deletion of multiple bases causes frame shift mutations.
    • The Human Genome Project's aim was to map the entire human genetic sequence (genome).
    • The genome contains 3.2 billion bases, with 20,000-25,000 genes.
    • DNA fingerprinting (using SNPs) is employed for identifying individuals due to the differences in DNA sequences.
    • The Central Dogma of molecular biology holds that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
    • Regulation of gene expression controls when and how genes are expressed.
    • The lac operon controls the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism.
    • Genes are turned 'on' or 'off', thus regulated, when certain functions begin or cease.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of key concepts in molecular biology, including the central dogma, DNA replication, and techniques like DNA fingerprinting. This quiz covers important historical figures and fundamental mechanisms that shape our understanding of genetics.

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