Molecular Biology Quiz

DNA sequences that are repeated multiple times, often hundreds to thousands of times.

Changes in a specific section of a DNA sequence where a tiny length of DNA is repeated multiple times.

A type of repetitive DNA categorized by its base composition, segment length, and number of repeating units.

Variations in DNA sequence that occur at a single nucleotide, used in genetic mapping and fingerprinting.

A technique using changes in repetitive DNA sequences to identify individuals.

A type of repetitive DNA with a variable number of tandem repeats, used in DNA fingerprinting.

The ability of DNA to direct its own replication, ensuring inheritance of traits.

The two components of chromosomes, proteins and DNA, responsible for carrying genetic information.

The process where genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to proteins.

DNA-dependent DNA polymerases are enzymes that create new DNA strands using existing DNA as a template. They can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing strand, resulting in a 5' to 3' direction of synthesis.

tRNA is a type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

rRNA is a type of RNA that forms part of the ribosome. It plays a critical role in decoding the genetic information present in mRNA and assembling amino acids into proteins.

snRNAs are small RNA molecules that function in the splicing of pre-mRNA into mature mRNA in eukaryotic cells.

An initiation factor required for the initiation of transcription in bacteria. It helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region of DNA.

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, using RNA polymerase.

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing rRNA, a key component of ribosomes.

The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template, using ribosomes.

The process of attaching an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule, using ATP as energy.

The cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

A form of chromatin that is loosely packed, stains light, and is transcriptionally active.

A form of chromatin that is densely packed, stains dark, and is transcriptionally inactive.

The specific region of DNA where replication begins.

The joining of newly synthesized DNA fragments by DNA ligase.

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another.

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein. It represents a functional unit of inheritance, also known as a 'factor' in Mendelian genetics.

A sequence of DNA that signals the start of a gene. It provides a binding site for RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA.

A sequence of DNA that signals the end of a gene. It indicates where transcription should stop.

The basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells. It consists of DNA wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins.

A type of mutation that involves a change in a single nucleotide within a gene. This can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein, which may or may not have a significant impact on its function.

A genetic disorder caused by a point mutation in the gene for the beta-globin chain of hemoglobin. This mutation results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and less efficient at carrying oxygen.

tRNA is a type of RNA that acts as an adaptor molecule during protein synthesis, carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the genetic code.

Exons are the coding regions of a gene, containing the instructions for building proteins. They are separated by non-coding regions called introns.

All three types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) are essential for protein synthesis in bacteria and all living organisms.

mRNA provides the genetic blueprint, tRNA brings the amino acids, and rRNA serves as the framework and catalyst for protein assembly.

RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. It uses nucleoside triphosphates as building blocks.

The sigma factor is a protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize and bind to the promoter region of a gene, initiating transcription.

RNA polymerase I is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing rRNA, a key component of ribosomes.

hnRNA is a precursor molecule for mRNA. It is processed to remove introns and add a cap and tail before becoming mature mRNA.