Molecular Biology of Cancer Quiz

<p>Hypermethylation of DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the expression of genes linked to tumor suppression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversible changes affecting gene transcription without altering DNA sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expression of tumor suppressor genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G→T transversions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome P450 enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultimate carcinogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reacts with nucleophilic sites in nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrocarbons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They distort the DNA helix, causing replication errors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cigarette smoke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Additional rings and/or methyl groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic susceptibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They induce direct damage to DNA structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to single-stranded DNA breaks as well. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alterations in cellular signaling pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct damage to DNA and free radical generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conditions or exposures that increase the chance of developing cancer.

Risk factors related to your genetics, aging, and DNA makeup.

Risk factors related to things outside your body, like chemicals or radiation exposure.

Radiation that can damage DNA by creating unstable atoms (free radicals) and breaks in the DNA.

Harmful molecules made by radiation, damaging cells.

Direct and indirect damage to DNA from radiation exposure.

The development of cancer due to causing mutations.

More radiation exposure leads to a higher risk of cancer.

A cellular process that repairs DNA damage by removing the damaged portion and replacing it with a correct sequence.

Changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA sequence itself but instead regulate gene activity.

An increase in the addition of methyl groups to CpG sites in DNA, often leading to reduced gene expression.

Chronic tobacco smoke exposure causes hypermethylation, affecting tumor suppressor genes, and increasing the risk of lung cancer.

Enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA, leading to changes in gene activity.

Tobacco smoke causes inflammation in lung tissue, involving immune cells and production of fibrosis-related proteins.

Ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenases, potentially leading to damage and cancer.

Chronic alcohol consumption is a significant global health concern related to damage in multiple organs and increased mortality.

UVA light fragments water, creating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that harm DNA, like oxidation of bases, often resulting in specific mutations like G→T transversions.

Harmful chemicals react with DNA, usually after being metabolized in the body, causing mutations that lead to cancer.

A highly reactive molecule resulting from the body's metabolism of a chemical carcinogen; it is the molecule that directly causes DNA damage.

Liver enzymes that metabolize substances, including activating some chemicals into ultimate carcinogens.

A group of chemicals found in certain environments (e.g., smoke, exhaust) that can cause cancer.

A specific type of mutation where guanine is replaced by thymine.

Chemically modified DNA bases that distort the DNA helix and cause errors during replication and lead to mutations.

A specific type of cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into their ultimate carcinogenic forms.