Cancer Awareness and Risk Factors Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the survival rate of children with brain cancer?

  • 65-92%
  • 4-92%
  • 5-66% (correct)
  • 75%

    • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for brain cancer?

  • Family history
  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Neurofibromatosis
  • Diabetes (correct)

    • What is the most common sign or symptom of brain cancer in adults?

  • Headache (correct)
  • Facial numbness
  • Seizures
  • Difficulty walking

    • What is the primary treatment for brain cancer?

    <p>Craniotomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the diagnostic test where dye is injected into blood vessels in the brain?

    <p>MRP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some risk factors for colon and rectum cancer?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign or symptom of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes?

    <p>Genetics, age, family history, geography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes?

    <p>Having had Type 1 Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for breast cancer?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible sign or symptom of colon and rectum cancer?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of colon and rectum cancer is hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer?

    <p>HNPCC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of colonoscopy is performed in a doctor's office and examines the lowest part of the colon?

    <p>Sigmoidoscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most preferred colon cancer detection test?

    <p>Colonoscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age to begin getting regular colonoscopies?

    <p>50 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stoma?

    <p>An abdominal opening for solid wastes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of diabetes is caused by hormonal changes during pregnancy?

    <p>Gestational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about diabetes?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in the body?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the body?

    <p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated 5-year survival rate for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>74% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukemia has a higher survival rate in children compared to adults?

    <p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for most types of leukemia?

    <p>Chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lung cancer is characterized by larger cells that grow slower?

    <p>Non-small cell lung cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment involves the use of high-energy rays to shrink or kill cancer cells?

    <p>Radiation therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of MS has the longest life expectancy?

    <p>Relapsing MS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for both lung cancer and lymphoma?

    <p>Reduced immune function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of new cases of lung cancer diagnosed each year in the US?

    <p>226,650 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a common characteristic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell transplant uses the patient's own stem cells?

    <p>Autologous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main imaging tool used for early detection of lung cancer?

    <p>CT scan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer when breathed in high levels?

    <p>Radon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for both leukemia and lung cancer?

    <p>Chemotherapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dementia?

    <p>Regular Exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Control blood sugar levels effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main test used to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>HbA1c test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dementia type is NOT associated with a reduced life expectancy?

    <p>All of the above are associated with reduced life expectancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign or symptom of leukemia?

    <p>Frequent infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about Endometriosis is TRUE?

    <p>Early detection is often difficult and may occur around the age of 25 or later (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common treatment option for Endometriosis?

    <p>Antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a risk factor for Heart Disease?

    <p>Regular exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Acute and Chronic Leukemia?

    <p>Acute Leukemia is rapidly developing and requires immediate treatment, while Chronic Leukemia is slower progressing and may not show symptoms for years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for heart disease that involves opening up blocked coronary arteries?

    <p>Angioplasty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 is caused by a lack of insulin production, while Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dementia is most common?

    <p>Alzheimer's Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom of Dementia?

    <p>Loss of appetite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of women who are diagnosed with Endometriosis?

    <p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a non-pharmacological therapy for dementia?

    <p>Anticholinesterase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for both diabetes and heart disease?

    <p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign or symptom of colon cancer that is often experienced by patients?

    <p>Excessive gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for colon cancer?

    <p>Low intake of fruits and vegetables (A), Daily alcohol consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a diagnostic test for colon cancer?

    <p>Colonoscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 5-year survival rate for colon cancer when it has metastasized?

    <p>14% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of colon cancer?

    <p>Adenocarcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of colon cancer that is characterized by the presence of numerous polyps throughout the colon?

    <p>Familial adenomatous polyposis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for ovarian cancer?

    <p>Never having children (C), History of endometriosis (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tumor marker is used in the early detection of ovarian cancer?

    <p>CA125 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nickname for ovarian cancer?

    <p>The Silent Killer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a surgical procedure used to treat ovarian cancer?

    <p>Oophorectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign or symptom of pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Nausea (A), Headache (B), Weight loss (C), Fatigue (E), Yellowing of the skin (F), Abdominal pain that worsens with alcohol intake (H), Sudden onset of diabetes (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 5-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer?

    <p>13% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common treatment for pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Chemotherapy (A), Surgical removal of the tumor (B), Radiation therapy (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a new chemotherapy pill that is used to treat pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Tarceva (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common syndrome linked to brain or spinal cord tumors?

    <p>Neurofibromatosis type 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of testicular cancer is more common in men in their 40s and 50s?

    <p>Seminoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for testicular cancer?

    <p>Being a young adult male (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is NOT used for melanoma?

    <p>Chemotherapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about testicular cancer?

    <p>It can be detected through self-examination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the survival rate for those with localized, early-stage brain cancer?

    <p>35.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of new cases of testicular cancer diagnosed annually?

    <p>10,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of testicular cancer?

    <p>Sudden weight loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'orchidectomy' refer to?

    <p>Surgery to remove the testicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Mohs surgery for skin cancer?

    <p>It maximizes the removal of cancerous tissue while preserving healthy tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of brain tumor?

    <p>Glioma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of brain tumor treatment?

    <p>Increased appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain tumor almost always occurs on both sides of the head?

    <p>Vestibular Schwannoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the survival rate for people with testicular cancer after 5 years?

    <p>95% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment approach for brain tumors? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Radiation therapy (C), Surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer?

    <p>High intake of lycopene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended SPF level for someone with very fair, sensitive skin who will be outdoors for 4 hours?

    <p>45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)?

    <p>Typically painless and slow-growing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is TRUE about the treatment of prostate cancer?

    <p>Hormone therapy can be used to shrink the tumor and manage pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for melanoma?

    <p>African American ethnicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxybenzone in sunscreen?

    <p>It protects against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 'PSA Velocity' factor contribute to prostate cancer diagnosis?

    <p>It tracks how quickly PSA levels are increasing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)?

    <p>It may have a rough, reddish scaly appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment for prostate cancer that DOES NOT directly remove or destroy prostate tissue?

    <p>PROVENGE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'ABCDE' rule for early melanoma detection focuses on which characteristic?

    <p>The shape, border, color, diameter, and evolution of the mole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Brain Cancer Symptoms (Children)

    Headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred/double vision, difficulty walking, seizures.

    Brain Cancer Symptoms (Adults)

    Headache, nausea, vomiting, personality changes, drowsiness/coma, speech problems.

    Risk Factors for Brain Cancer

    Includes neurofibromatosis, chemical exposure, viruses, head trauma, and family history.

    Detection Methods for Brain Cancer

    Includes lumbar puncture, MRI, CT scans, angiogram, and blood tests.

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    Breast Cancer Statistics

    In 2024, about 310,720 new cases expected in women and 2,800 in men.

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    Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

    A test to assess the body's response to glucose intake.

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    HbA1c Test

    Main test for confirming diabetes by measuring average blood sugar levels over time.

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    Type 1 Diabetes Treatment

    Involves insulin therapy, blood sugar monitoring, diet, and exercise.

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    Type 2 Diabetes Risk Reduction

    Managed through healthy diet, physical activity, and medications.

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    Gestational Diabetes Care

    Includes healthy eating, exercise, and sometimes insulin or meds.

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    Signs of Dementia

    Includes memory loss, language difficulty, and inability to recognize objects.

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    Alzheimer’s Disease

    Most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of cases.

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    Vascular Dementia

    Second most common dementia type caused by reduced brain blood flow.

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    Dementia Life Expectancy

    Survival ranges from 4-8 years post-diagnosis, varies by type.

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    Endometriosis Symptoms

    Includes pelvic pain, severe cramps, and pain during intercourse.

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    Heart Disease Symptoms

    Includes chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.

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    Blood Tests for Heart Disease

    Key method for early detection of heart disease.

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    Leukemia Categories

    Includes acute (rapid onset) and chronic (slow development).

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    Common Childhood Leukemia

    Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is most prevalent in kids.

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    Risk Factors for Leukemia

    Includes benzene exposure and radiation exposure.

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    Breast Cancer Symptoms

    Signs include lumps, nipple discharge, or skin changes.

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    BRCA1 and BRCA2

    Gene mutations that increase breast and ovarian cancer risk.

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    Mammogram

    Yearly X-ray recommended for women over 40 for early detection.

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    Lumpectomy

    Surgery that removes the tumor, preserving breast tissue.

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    Colon Cancer Signs

    Symptoms include rectal bleeding and changes in bowel habits.

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    Risk Factors for Colon Cancer

    Polyps, family history, obesity, and age increase risk.

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    Colonoscopy

    Procedure for examining the entire colon, recommended at 50.

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    Type 1 Diabetes

    Autoimmune condition leading to insulin deficiency, often starting young.

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    Type 2 Diabetes

    Condition where body becomes resistant to insulin, often due to obesity.

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    Gestational Diabetes

    Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, often unnoticeable.

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    Insulin

    Hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar.

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    Symptoms of Diabetes

    Include constant urination, thirst, weight loss, fatigue.

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    Fecal Occult Blood Test

    Test for hidden blood in the stool, used for colon cancer screening.

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    Colostomy

    Surgery rerouting the colon, attaching a stoma for waste.

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    Leukemia

    A type of cancer that affects blood and bone marrow.

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    Stem Cell Transplant

    A treatment using stem cells to replace damaged bone marrow.

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    Chemotherapy

    Main treatment for leukemia, using drugs to kill cancer cells.

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    Immunotherapy

    Treatment that boosts the immune system to fight cancer.

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    Early Detection of Leukemia

    Routine blood tests show high white blood cell counts.

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    Lung Cancer Types

    Includes small cell and non-small cell lung cancer.

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    Lobectomy

    Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung to treat lung cancer.

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    Symptoms of Lung Cancer

    Include cough, chest pain, and weight loss.

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    Risk Factors for Lung Cancer

    Includes smoking, asbestos, and family history.

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    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    Cancer of the lymphatic system, known for Reed-Sternberg cells.

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    Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    More common form of lymphoma with many subtypes.

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    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    A disease where the immune system attacks the nervous system.

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    Treatment for MS

    Includes corticosteroids and plasma exchange.

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    Survival Rates of Cancer

    Hodgkin's has an 89% five-year survival; Non-Hodgkin's, 74%.

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    Oral Cancer Statistics

    152,810 new cases; significant mortality in colon cancer.

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    Prostate Cancer Statistics

    299,000 new cases yearly; 2nd leading cause of death in men.

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    Prostate Cancer Symptoms

    Weak urine flow, urgency, painful ejaculation, back pain, blood in urine.

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    Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer

    Age, genetics, diet high in fats, and racial background increase risk.

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    Lycopene's Role

    Consumes cooked tomatoes to lower prostate cancer risk; it's an antioxidant.

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    PSA Test Function

    PSA test measures prostate-specific antigen; levels over 4.0 can indicate cancer.

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    Prostate Cancer Treatments

    Options include surveillance, hormone therapy, or surgery, depending on the patient's age.

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    Survival Rates for Prostate Cancer

    Localized prostate cancer has a 98% 10-year survival rate.

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    Types of Skin Cancer

    Basal cell carcinoma (80%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%), melanoma (1%).

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    ABCDE for Skin Cancer Detection

    Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than 6mm.

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    SPF Importance

    SPF measures sun protection factor; higher numbers protect longer against UV.

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    Characteristics of Melanoma

    Bigger than 0.5 inch, evolving in shape, size, and color.

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    Excisional Surgery

    Procedure using a scalpel to remove cancerous tissue.

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    Mohs Surgery

    Skin cancer removal technique, layer by layer.

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    Cryosurgery

    Cancer frozen with liquid nitrogen for removal.

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    Radiation Therapy

    Treatment using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells.

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    Melanoma Survival Rate

    Nearly 100% survive first year, drops after 5 years.

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    Testicular Cancer Statistics

    Approximately 10,000 new cases annually in the U.S.

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    Seminoma vs Non-seminoma

    Seminoma is slow-growing; Non-seminoma grows faster.

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    Testicular Self Examination (TSE)

    Method to check for lumps in the testicles.

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    Orchidectomy

    Surgical removal of a testicle.

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    Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer

    Family history, young adult males, and undescended testicle.

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    Brain Tumor Survival Rate

    Overall survival around 33.4% for brain cancers.

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    Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)

    Genetic disorder linked to brain tumors; higher risk of certain tumors.

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    Symptoms of Brain Tumors

    Headaches, nausea, vision problems, seizures.

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    Lumbar Puncture

    Test to diagnose certain medical conditions, including brain tumors.

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    Colorectal Cancer Symptoms

    Signs include rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and change in bowel habits.

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    Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors

    Factors include polyps, smoking, obesity, and age.

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    FAP

    Familial adenomatous polyposis; genetic syndrome increasing polyp risk from age 5-40.

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    Lynch Syndrome

    Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer; high risk of colon cancer with few polyps.

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    CA125

    Tumor marker blood test for ovarian cancer; level should be less than 35.

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    Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

    Symptoms include abdominal swelling and vague digestive issues.

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    Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer

    Includes age, nulliparity, and family history of breast cancer.

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    Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms

    Signs include jaundice, abdominal pain, and sudden diabetes onset.

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    CA 19-9

    Carbohydrate antigen test for pancreatic cancer; indicates cell spill into blood.

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    Whipple Procedure

    Surgical removal of the pancreatic tip and nearby organs.

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    5-Year Survival Rate Colorectal Cancer

    91% survival if localized, decreases if spread to adjacent organs or metastases.

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    Oophorectomy

    Surgical removal of ovaries, used in advanced ovarian cancer treatment.

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    Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors

    Factors include smoking, obesity, and family history.

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    Colon Cancer Early Detection

    Methods include sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and fecal occult blood test.

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    Study Notes

    Brain Cancer

    • New Cases: Approximately 22,850 new cases per year
    • Signs and Symptoms (Children): Headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred/double vision, difficulty walking, seizures, difficulty handling objects.
    • Signs and Symptoms (Adults): Headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred/double vision, personality changes, drowsiness/coma, facial numbness, speech problems, coma.
    • Risk Factors: Neurofibromatosis, gender (males), older age, exposure to chemicals, viruses, family history, allergies, head trauma. Gliomas incidence higher in Caucasians; CMV (cytomegalovirus), cleaning agents.
    • Early Detection: Lumbar Puncture (spinal fluid removal), MRI scans, CT or PET scans, Angiograms, blood tests, chest X-rays; identification of symptoms.
    • Treatment: Craniotomy (surgical removal), chemo, radiation, MRP (magnetic resonance perfusion, using dye to view blood vessels).
    • Survival Rates: Decreases with age. Children: 75% (5-66 year range). Adults: Varies by tumor type, from as low as 4% to as high as 92% (65-92 year range).

    Breast Cancer

    • New Cases (Women): Approximately 310,720 new cases expected in 2024
    • New Cases (Men): Approximately 2,800 new cases expected in 2024
    • Mortality Rate Decline in Younger Women: Due to earlier detection and improved treatment.
    • Signs and Symptoms: Lump or thickening, changes in size/shape/appearance, nipple discharge (blood or clear fluid), skin changes (redness, dimpling), breast pain (not always present).
    • Risk Factors: BRCA1/2 gene mutations, family history, higher estrogen levels, smoking, drinking, obesity, lack of exercise.
    • Early Detection: Mammograms (yearly for women over 40), Breast Self Exam (BSE).
    • Treatment: Lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy.

    Colon and Rectum Cancer

    • New Cases: 152,810 new cases annually
    • Mortality Rate: 1 death every 9 minutes (53,010 deaths per year)
    • Lifetime Risk: 1 in 10 chance
    • Signs and Symptoms: Rectal bleeding, blood in stool, change in bowel habits, incomplete evacuation, smaller stools, cramping, gas, abdominal pain (>2 weeks), vomiting, unexplained anemia, reduced appetite.
    • Risk Factors: Polyps (tumor-like growths), familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP, age 5-40), Lynch syndrome (HNPCC), inflammatory bowel disease, physical inactivity, lack of fiber, smoking, obesity, leukemia.
    • Early Detection: Sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy (age 50 or 10 years prior to family member diagnosed), barium enema, fecal occult blood test, stool DNA test.
    • Treatment: Colectomy (removal of segment of colon), colostomy (permanent/temporary removal routing of colon), radiation, chemo.
    • Survival Rates: 5-year survival: 91% (localized), 64% (adjacent organs), 14% (metastases)

    Diabetes

    • Type 1: Autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Typically develops in childhood or early adulthood, but can occur at any age.
    • Type 2: Body resistance to insulin or pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin. Most common in adults over 45, but seen in children with rising obesity rates; typically slow onset.
    • Gestational: Caused by hormonal changes during pregnancy; usually 2nd or 3rd trimester; usually subsides after birth
    • Symptoms (Type 1 & 2): Frequent urination, extreme thirst, extreme hunger, weight loss, blurry vision, fatigue/weakness, mood changes, stomach cramps. Gestational diabetes symptoms tend to be more subtle.
    • Risk Factors (Type 1): Genetics (e.g., MHC gene), age (4-7, 10-14 most at risk), family history, geography (higher prevalence further from equator).
    • Risk Factors (Type 2): Obesity, family history, lack of physical activity, older age, gestational diabetes, and having given birth to a large baby.
    • Risk Factors (Gestational): Inactivity, family history of diabetes, high-weight baby, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome.
    • Early Detection: Oral glucose tolerance test, routine blood tests, HbA1c test.
    • Diagnosis: Blood tests are primary.
    • Treatment: Type 1: Insulin therapy, blood sugar monitoring, diet, exercise. Type 2: Healthy diet, exercise, weight loss, blood sugar monitoring, medications, insulin. Gestational: Healthy diet, exercise, blood sugar monitoring, sometimes insulin/meds.
    • Insulin Pump: Small device that delivers regular insulin doses throughout the day.

    Dementia

    • New Cases: Approximately 10 million new cases globally per year.
    • Common Types: Alzheimer's disease (60-70% of cases), Vascular dementia, Younger-onset dementia (5-10%).
    • Symptoms: The 4 A's: Amnesia, Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia.
    • Risk Factors: Age, family history/genetics, high blood pressure, smoking/alcohol, diabetes/obesity, inactivity/poor diet, social isolation/depression.
    • Early Detection: Cognitive screening tests (Mini-Mental State Exam), brain imaging (MRI, CT), blood tests, biomarkers.
    • Treatment: No cure. Medications may help manage symptoms (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine), non-pharmacological treatments (cognitive stimulation, occupational therapy), physical activity, social engagement.
    • Life Expectancy Impact: Significant reduction. 4-8 years after diagnosis on average. Can vary by type.

    Endometriosis

    • Prevalence: Roughly 10% of women experience it.
    • Signs and Symptoms: Pelvic pain (worsens during period), severe period pain, pain during intercourse, feeling sick, pain/blood while using the restroom, difficulty conceiving.
    • Risk Factors: Dysmenorrhea (painful periods), oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods), family history, early menstruation, short menstrual cycles.
    • Early Detection: Difficult. Often diagnosed in late 20s/early adult. Severe pain, family history, and irregular periods can be indicators. Diagnosed through ultrasound, MRI, laparoscopy.
    • Treatment: Birth control pills, pain medication, laparoscopy (surgery), menopause.
    • Life Expectancy: No impact on overall life expectancy but may increase risks of depression or ectopic pregnancy.

    Heart Disease

    • New Cases: 30.3 Million
    • Signs and Symptoms: Chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, fatigue.
    • Risk Factors: Stenosis risk factors (Age, BMI, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome), smoking, diabetes, obesity.
    • Early Detection: Blood tests, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram.
    • Treatment: Coumadin (blood thinner), pacemaker (regulates heart beat), cardiac catheterization (tests blood pressure and pressure), angioplasty (opens coronary arteries).
    • Life Expectancy Impact: Decreases current life expectancy by 8-10%

    Leukemia

    • New Cases: 3% of all new cancer cases annually
    • Categories: Acute (rapid onset, immediate treatment needed), chronic (slow development, no symptoms for years).
    • Adult Types: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
    • Children's Types: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
    • Acute Characteristics: Fast development; immature blood cells crowd out healthy cells.
    • Chronic Characteristics: Slower progression; mature blood cells accumulate.
    • ALL: Most common in children (high survival), also in adults. Originates in immature lymphocytes.
    • AML: Primarily adults, starts in myeloid cells.
    • CLL: Most common chronic leukemia in adults, slow progression often detected through blood tests.
    • CML: Common in adults, associated with Philadelphia chromosome, slow progression but may accelerate, requires targeted therapies.
    • Signs & Symptoms (general): Fatigue, infections, fever, swollen lymph nodes, easy bruising/bleeding, bone pain.
    • Risk Factors: Benzene exposure (industrial chemicals, cigarette smoke), radiation exposure, family history, genetic disorders (Down syndrome).
    • Early Detection: Routine blood tests (elevated white blood cells). Watch for persisting symptoms.
    • Treatment: Stem cell transplant (autologous, allogenic); chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy.
    • Survival rates: Vary based on type and individual, but generally high for ALL in children and some chronic types.

    Lung Cancer

    • New Cases: 226,650 diagnosed/year
    • Deaths: 124,730 deaths per year.
    • Types: Small cell (13-15% of cases), grows fast, 1 stage; Non-small cell (the most common), grows more slowly, 4 stages
    • Signs & Symptoms: Coughing, blood or sputum, chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue, weight loss
    • Risk Factors: Asbestos exposure, radon exposure, cigarette smoking (major cause: 80-90% of deaths), second-hand smoke.
    • Early Detection: Imaging tools like CT and MRI scans
    • Treatment: Lobectomy (lobe removal), surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy.
    • Survival: Survival rates are low, with significantly better outlook if diagnosed earlier.

    Lymphoma

    • New Cases (US): 89,190 new cases annually
    • Hodgkin's: Declining cases; curable; diagnosed through Reed-Sternberg cells.Primarily in 15-35 year olds, B lymphocytes; more common in wealthier areas and usually occurs in upper body lymph nodes, spreads methodically.
    • Non-Hodgkin's: Doubling incidence; occurs primarily in 45-70 year olds; any lymph cells except B cells; 30 subtypes, usually occurs in lower body lymph nodes, and spreads disorderly.
    • Signs & Symptoms (general): Enlarged lymph nodes, drenching night sweats, severe itching, poor appetite, fevers (come and go), anemia, weight loss, bone pain.
    • Risk Factors: Agent Orange, reduced immunity, exposure to some infections, organ transplants, HIV, exposure to herbicides and chemicals, Epstein-Barr virus, smoking, drug use. Increasingly common in US, Canada, and Northern Europe; lower rates in Asian populations; high in Caucasian males,Eastern European Jews.
    • Treatment: Hodgkin's - more treatable with chemo and radiation; Non-Hodgkin's- early stage chemo/radiation; ( high dose chemo with bone marrow or stem cell transplants for others)
    • New Treatment: Hodgkin's vaccine therapy.
    • Survival: 5 year survival rates: Hodgkin's - 89%; Non-Hodgkin's - 74%

    Multiple Sclerosis

    • Prevalence: Over 1.8 million worldwide.
    • Signs and Symptoms: Vision loss, pain, fatigue, impaired coordination, tingling/loss of feeling in limbs.
    • Risk Factors: Female predominance (3x more common), family history.
    • Early Detection: Blurred vision, double vision, fatigue, muscle weakness, can be early onset symptoms
    • Treatment: Corticosteroids (IV, oral), plasma exchange (plasmapheresis).
    • Life Expectancy Impact: Relapsing MS has the highest longevity, then primary progressive, then secondary progressive.

    Oral Cancer (Pharynx Cancer)

    • This section appears to include information relevant to colon and rectum cancer, not oral/pharynx cancer. Skipping to the next section.

    Ovarian Cancer

    • New Cases (US): 19,680
    • Mortality Rate: Highest of all gynecological cancers. (Approximately 1 in 72 women; 1 in ~95 women die from ovarian cancer)
    • Nickname: "Silent Killer" (because of vague symptoms in early stages).
    • Signs and Symptoms: Enlarged abdomen (fluid accumulation), digestive disturbances, rarely-vaginal bleeding, excessive hair growth or painful intercourse (less common)
    • Risk Factors: Increases with age (peaks in 80s), no children (nulliparity); having many pregnancies and birth control pills lower the risk, fertility drugs; family history of breast cancer; history of other cancers; BRCA1/2; genetic syndromes. Industrialized nations (except Japan) higher prevalence; tubal ligation or hysterectomy lower risk; breastfeeding longer.
    • Early Detection: CA125 (tumor marker), pelvic exams, Pap tests (rarely helpful), transvaginal ultrasound, LPA (new test).
    • Treatment: Oophorectomy (removal of ovary/ovaries), radiation, chemo. Advanced stages (common) may require additional steps .
    • Survival Rates: 51% overall, 92% if localized, 27% if older, 56% if younger

    Pancreatic Cancer

    • New Cases: 66,440 new cases yearly, 51,750 deaths per year (6 in 10 over 65)
    • Incidence Trend: Increasing 1% yearly
    • Cell Type: Primarily affects exocrine digestive function (producing digestive juices, insulin, endocrine hormones)
    • Signs & Symptoms (usually advanced): Jaundice, headaches, fatigue, indigestion, nausea, sudden onset of diabetes, abdominal pain (worse with alcohol), abdominal mass, pale stools (less common in early stages).
    • Risk Factors: Smoking (2-3x higher risk), male gender, obesity, eating red meat (high fat), family history, chemical exposure (gasoline), alcohol and coffee consumption, diabetes, more common in wealthy countries, H. Pylori exposure, pesticides, dyes, metal refineries, sugar sweetened drinks.
    • Early Detection: CA 19-9 (tumor marker), biopsy (usually late), ERCP, ultrasound/CT.
    • Treatment: Whipple procedure (pancreas, gall bladder, duodenum, etc. removal), other surgeries, radiation, chemotherapy, palliative care, Tarceva (new chemo pill), ablation (heat/cold), embolization.
    • Survival Rates: 5-year survival rate: 13% (often measured in months rather than years)

    Prostate Cancer

    • New Cases: 299,000 new cases; 2nd leading cause of death in men (1 in 6; 1 in 33 die from it)
    • Signs and Symptoms: Weak/intermittent urine flow, urgency to urinate (esp. at night), painful ejaculation, pain/burning on urination, inability to urinate, back/thigh pain, blood in urine
    • Risk Factors: Lycopene (in tomatoes, etc.) consumption, frequent ejaculations, trans fats/hydrogenated foods, drug use (steroids), increases with age, smoking, dietary fat, vasectomy, African American highest rate, lower prevalence in Asian descent, possible increase with pesticide exposure.
    • Risk Reducing Factors: SELENIUM intake (in Brazil nuts, tuna, beef, chicken, canola oil) + aspirin.
    • Early Detection/Diagnosis: PSA (prostate-specific antigen), prostate ultrasound, IGF-1 levels, DRE (digital rectal exam), PSA velocity, PSA density.
    • Treatment: "Watchful Waiting" (common for elderly patients), hormone therapy, surgery (prostatectomy), ablative therapies (HIFU, cryotherapy). Provenge (vaccine for advanced prostate cancer).
    • Survival Rates: Very high, close to 100% for localized disease within 5 and 10 years, much lower in distant-stage cancers

    Skin Cancer

    • Types: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC, 80%), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, 20%), melanoma (less than 1%).
    • Signs & Symptoms (General): Most appear on sun-exposed areas (face, ears, lips, hands, back)
      • BCC: Tiny bumps with pink surface, painless, center can become sore/bleed, lesions/loss of color, swollen blood vessels in skin, ulcers.
      • SCC: Small red lump/skin tag, painless and slowly growing, rough/reddish scaly area, open sore with raised border, firm, dome-shaped growth, wart-like growth, sore/old scar.
      • Melanoma: Single dark skin spot, unusual moles, sores, lumps, blemishes, changes in appearance/feel..
    • Risk Factors: Moles/Melanocytic nevi (can become cancerous); fair skin, more common in white populations than other racial groups, with incidence increasing with age.
    • Prevention: Use high SPF sunscreen (varies by skin tone), reducing exposure to UV rays
    • Early Detection: ABCDE (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving).
    • Treatment: Surgery (excisional, Mohs), curettage, cryosurgery, radiation, cryotherapy.
    • Survival: Non-melanoma: high (90%); melanoma survival varies greatly based on stage and if/when it spreads. Decline in death rates observed.

    Testicular Cancer

    • New Cases: Approx. 10,000 new cases annually.
    • Types: Seminoma (slow-growing, men 40s-50s), Non-seminoma (faster-growing, multiple cell types).
    • Symptoms: Lump/swelling in testicle, feeling of heaviness in scrotum, dull ache in lower belly/groin, back pain, breast enlargement/tenderness.
    • Risk Factors: Family history, young adult males, white males, undescended testicle.
    • Early Detection: Testicular Self-Examination (TSE); feeling for lumps or abnormalities in the testicles.
    • Treatment: Surgery (orchidectomy), chemotherapy, radiotherapy, lymph node removal (if spread to them).
    • Survival: About 95% 5-year survival rate.

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    Test your knowledge on cancer, its symptoms, and treatments with this comprehensive quiz. Questions cover brain cancer, colon cancer, and diabetes, focusing on survival rates, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatment options. Ideal for anyone interested in understanding cancer better.

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