Molecular Biology of Cancer BC 504

The rate at which new cases of cancer occur in a population.

The rate at which people die from cancer.

Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer type for both sexes in the data provided.

The second most prevalent cancer among females.

The most frequent cancer type for males.

Third most common type of cancer for both genders across the given incidence data.

Most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths for both sexes.

Frequently fatal cancer among males.

Third most frequent cause of cancer deaths for both genders.

The leading cause of cancer death in males.

The overall impact of cancer on a population, measured by incidence and mortality rates.

The number of new cancer cases diagnosed in a population during a specific time period.

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing cancer, such as smoking, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diet.

A measure that combines life expectancy, education levels, and income to assess a country's overall development.

Countries with low or medium HDI, characterized by rapid economic and social change.

Countries with high or very high HDI, typically more developed and affluent.

An estimate of the future number of cancer cases and deaths based on current trends and risk factors.

The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body, typically through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Tumors that grow slowly, have distinct borders, and do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body.

Tumors that can grow quickly, have irregular borders, invade surrounding tissues, and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis.

A type of cancer that originates from the epithelial layer of cells, which form the lining of external parts of the body or internal linings of organs.

Human Development Index

Global cancer incidence is predicted to increase significantly, particularly in low and medium HDI countries.

High HDI countries are expected to see the largest increase in absolute terms, with millions more new cases by 2040.

Increasing cancer incidence necessitates investment in healthcare services to effectively treat and manage the growing number of patients.

The three main types of cancers are Myeloma, Sarcoma, and Lymphoma. Myeloma originates in plasma cells of bone marrow; Sarcoma originates in connective tissues (including muscles, bones, cartilage, and fat); and Lymphoma originates in the lymphatic system.

Leukemia is a group of cancers that affect blood cells, specifically originating in the bone marrow.

Carcinomas are cancers that originate from epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are found in the skin, lining of body cavities, and organs.

Sarcomas are cancers that originate from bone and soft tissues, such as muscles, cartilage, and fat.

Myelomas are cancers that originate from plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies in the immune system.

Leukemias are cancers that originate in the blood cells, specifically starting in the bone marrow.

Lymphomas are cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, which includes lymph nodes, spleen, and other immune tissues.

Cancer originates from a single abnormal cell with altered DNA. This cell undergoes multiple rounds of mutations and natural selection, leading to a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. Some cells in the tumor acquire further mutations and become malignant, capable of spreading (metastasis).

The process by which a normal cell becomes a cancerous cell. This involves a series of genetic and epigenetic changes, eventually leading to uncontrolled growth and spread.

A genetic alteration passed down from parents to offspring, increasing cancer risk.

A genetic alteration acquired during a person's lifetime, causing changes within a single cell and its descendants.

Changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, influencing cell growth and development.

Six key characteristics that define cancerous cells, enabling them to survive, grow, and spread.

Cancer cells can grow without external signals, unlike normal cells.

Cancer cells ignore signals that normally stop cell growth.

Cancer cells evade programmed cell death, contributing to uncontrolled growth.