Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
Which of the following processes is a typical mechanism involved in the progression of cancer cells from normal cells?
Which of the following processes is a typical mechanism involved in the progression of cancer cells from normal cells?
Which type of carcinoma is characterized by a mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene as an initiation event?
Which type of carcinoma is characterized by a mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene as an initiation event?
What hallmark of cancer involves tumors developing the capability to promote their own blood supply?
What hallmark of cancer involves tumors developing the capability to promote their own blood supply?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the term 'epigenetic alterations' in the context of cancer development?
Which of the following best describes the term 'epigenetic alterations' in the context of cancer development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors can trigger the progression from normal liver to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?
Which of the following factors can trigger the progression from normal liver to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?
Signup and view all the answers
How many hallmark capabilities are commonly recognized as essential for malignant growth in all human tumors?
How many hallmark capabilities are commonly recognized as essential for malignant growth in all human tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of somatic mutations in the evolution of cancer cells?
What is the significance of somatic mutations in the evolution of cancer cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristics are typical of malignant tumors?
What characteristics are typical of malignant tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a type of cancer originating from epithelial cells?
Which of the following is a type of cancer originating from epithelial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about benign tumors is accurate?
Which statement about benign tumors is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cancer is classified as originating from connective and supportive tissues?
What type of cancer is classified as originating from connective and supportive tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cancer is characterized by the presence of two or more cancer components?
Which type of cancer is characterized by the presence of two or more cancer components?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?
What is a characteristic of malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of carcinoma is characterized by glandular tissue?
Which type of carcinoma is characterized by glandular tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of sarcoma originates from fat cells?
Which type of sarcoma originates from fat cells?
Signup and view all the answers
How do external factors contribute to the development of cancer?
How do external factors contribute to the development of cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism is NOT typically involved in the carcinogenesis process?
Which mechanism is NOT typically involved in the carcinogenesis process?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes sarcomas from carcinomas?
What distinguishes sarcomas from carcinomas?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following cancers is classified under leukaemias?
Which of the following cancers is classified under leukaemias?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'metastasis' refer to in cancer biology?
What does the term 'metastasis' refer to in cancer biology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following types of sarcoma is derived from cartilage?
Which of the following types of sarcoma is derived from cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do inherited mutations play in cancer development?
What role do inherited mutations play in cancer development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes sarcomas?
Which of the following describes sarcomas?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a benign tumor derived from epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is a benign tumor derived from epithelial tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of adenocarcinoma?
What is a key characteristic of adenocarcinoma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which tumor is classified as a malignant counterpart of leiomyoma?
Which tumor is classified as a malignant counterpart of leiomyoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'anaplastic carcinoma' refer to?
What does the term 'anaplastic carcinoma' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of tumor arises from glial tissue?
Which type of tumor arises from glial tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Small cell carcinoma is characterized by which of the following features?
Small cell carcinoma is characterized by which of the following features?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about lymphomas?
Which of the following is true about lymphomas?
Signup and view all the answers
Which tumor type is a benign counterpart of osteosarcoma?
Which tumor type is a benign counterpart of osteosarcoma?
Signup and view all the answers
Adenosquamous carcinoma is defined by the presence of which cell types?
Adenosquamous carcinoma is defined by the presence of which cell types?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the original six hallmarks of cancer?
Which of the following is NOT one of the original six hallmarks of cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which intrinsic risk factor is primarily attributed to random DNA errors?
Which intrinsic risk factor is primarily attributed to random DNA errors?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?
What distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of carcinoma arises from epithelial tissue?
Which type of carcinoma arises from epithelial tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is considered an exogenous non-intrinsic risk factor?
Which of the following is considered an exogenous non-intrinsic risk factor?
Signup and view all the answers
What mechanism can lead to carcinogenesis through cellular metabolism?
What mechanism can lead to carcinogenesis through cellular metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels?
Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following sarcomas arises from bone tissue?
Which of the following sarcomas arises from bone tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which emerging hallmark of cancer relates to the ability of tumor cells to withstand immune system attacks?
Which emerging hallmark of cancer relates to the ability of tumor cells to withstand immune system attacks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming in cancer?
Which of the following best describes nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming in cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Molecular Biology of Cancer BC.504
- Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly increasing globally
- Cancer, a group of diseases, features unregulated cell growth, invasion, and spread from the primary site to other body sites (metastasis)
- Over 100 different cancer types exist
- Benign tumors grow slowly, have distinct borders and do not invade surrounding tissue or other parts of the body. They often appear normal.
- Malignant tumors grow rapidly, have irregular borders, invade surrounding tissue and potentially spread to other sites (metastasis). They can be cancerous.
Cancer Epidemiology
- Cancer incidence and mortality rates are rapidly increasing worldwide.
- The 10 Most Common Cancers (2018 & 2020): data regarding incidence and mortality are presented in pie charts for both sexes, also with male and female specific breakdown. Data sources are from GLOBOCAN 2018 & 2021 for the given years
- Cancer incidence and mortality are broken down by specific cancer types (e.g., Lung, Breast, Colon, etc.)
- Data present incidence and mortality rates in various countries.
Insights into Cancer
- Cancer development involves both external Environmental factors and Internal cellular factors
- These factors include a variety of exposures such as tobacco, chemicals, radiation and Infectious organisms.
- Inherited and acquired genetic mutations or cellular epigenetic changes are also key contributing factors.
Molecular Basis of Cancer
- The transition from a normal cell to a metastatic cancer cell is a multi-step process.
- At least three mechanisms allow these changes from inherited mutations, to somatic mutations, to methylation of DNA within the progeny of a malignant cell.
Malignant Transformation of HCC
- Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are risk factors for liver cancer. Hepatitis B and C infections, along with ethanol abuse, and NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) are strongly linked.
- Epigenetic and genetic alterations, including dysplastic nodules, are important stages in the progression of HCC.
Multistep Genetic Model
- A mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene is usually an initiating event, leading to sequential accumulation of epigenetic and genetic changes
- These changes result in progression from a normal cell to a metastatic tumor
Hallmarks of Cancer Cells
- Hallmarks of cancer cells - Several key characteristics like resisting cell death, sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, and reprogramming cellular metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction.
- There are additional "emerging" hallmarks which are actively being researched.
Risk Factors
- Intrinsic risk factors (uncontrollable) include random errors in DNA replication and endogenous risk factors like genetic susceptibility, DNA repair machinery, hormones, growth factors, and inflammation.
- Non-intrinsic risk factors (modifiable) include exogenous risk factors like radiation, chemicals, tumor-causing viruses, lifestyle factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor nutrition.
Cancer Classification
- Cancer Classifications are based on the type of tissue where the cancer has originated. Carcinomas originate in epithelial cells; Sarcomas in mesoderm cells (bone, muscle); Adenocarcinomas in glandular tissue; and others. There are several other classifications based on tissue type. Specific examples are included for Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenosquamous carcinoma, Anaplastic carcinoma, Large cell carcinoma, and Small cell carcinoma. Specific sarcoma cancers, and cancers of specific body parts are mentioned in other sections of the data.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of cancer, including its incidence and mortality rates globally, and the distinctions between benign and malignant tumors. It also highlights statistical data on the most common cancer types and their impact on various demographics. Gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer biology.
