Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Function

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What is the base pairing rule in DNA?

Adenine links to guanine (A-G) and cytosine links to thymine (C-T)

Adenine links to uracil (A-U) and cytosine links to guanine (C-G)

Adenine links to cytosine (A-C) and guanine links to thymine (G-T)

Adenine links to thymine (A-T) and cytosine links to guanine (C-G) (correct)

Where is RNA typically found in a cell?

Cytoplasm and ribosome (correct)

Nucleus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

What is a characteristic of DNA that makes it less stable in certain conditions?

It is more resistant to UV damage

It is single-stranded

It is less stable in alkaline conditions (correct)

It is self-replicating

What is the function of histones in chromatin packaging?

To complex with genomic DNA Signup and view all the answers

Why is DNA protected in the nucleus?

It is tightly packed and protected Signup and view all the answers

What can cause damage to DNA?

Ultra-violet rays Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of units that comprise a DNA molecule?

Nitrogenous bases, sugar molecule, and phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA?

Transferring genetic code from DNA to the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the bonds that link adjacent nucleotides in a DNA polynucleotide chain?

Phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the double-helix model of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ribosome in the central dogma?

Translation of RNA to protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of nondisjunction during meiosis I?

Gametes contain two copies of a particular chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a segment from one chromosome to another?

Reciprocal translocation Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in the human genome?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a change in the number of chromosomes in a genome?

Aneuploidy Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of nondisjunction per meiotic cell division?

One per 25 to 50 meiotic cell divisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a segment reversal within a chromosome?

Inversion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of DNA replication?

To transmit genetic information to the next generation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structural feature of a typical human gene?

Histone proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen bonding in DNA replication?

Forming base pairing between nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Human Genome Project?

To determine the sequence of DNA and identify genes of the human genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA → RNA → Protein Signup and view all the answers

When was the first draft of the human genome published?

2001 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides?

To silence gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the medical benefits of the Human Genome Project?

Improved diagnosis of disease Signup and view all the answers

How many base pairs are in the human genome?

3 billion Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated range of human genes according to the Human Genome Project?

50,000 to 140,000 Signup and view all the answers