Mole Cricket Communication & Vocalizations
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary subject of the provided content?

  • The diet of fringe-lipped bats
  • The habitat preferences of cane toads
  • The learning behavior of fringe-lipped bats in relation to cane toad vocalizations (correct)
  • The mating rituals of cane toads

The provided content includes data on the physical characteristics of fringe-lipped bats.

False (B)

What type of data is likely presented in Table 18.2, based on the surrounding context?

Number of trials

Fringe-lipped bats learn to associate cane toad ________ with palatable prey.

<p>vocalizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements from the content:

<p>Fringe-lipped bats = Predator Cane toad = Prey Vocalization = Auditory Cue Learning = Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Ulagaraj and Walker experiment, what was the primary purpose of including a funnel with no speaker?

<p>To serve as a control, accounting for the funnel's physical presence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, mole cricket vocalizations are entirely universal and elicit the same response across all cricket species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from the observed responses of mole crickets to male southern mole cricket calls?

<p>The response to calls is species-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ulagaraj and Walker experiment tested mole cricket responses to __________.

<p>vocalizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the method used to present stimuli to the mole crickets in the Ulagaraj and Walker experiment?

<p>Broadcasting recordings of cricket vocalizations through speakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of the Ulagaraj and Walker experiment with its purpose:

<p>Recorded Cricket Vocalizations = Experimental Stimulus Speakers = Delivery Method Funnel with No Speaker = Control Group Observation = Response Measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have a control group in the experiment?

<p>To ensure that the observed responses are because of the variable being tested. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of mole cricket vocalizations based on the material?

<p>Species-specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might parasitic flies not have evolved to recognize the vocalizations of all mole crickets?

<p>Some mole cricket species only coexist in specific habitats, limiting the flies' exposure to all species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The philander opossums only responded to playbacks when frogs were vocalizing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the typical behavior observed when a philander opossum heard the playback of Tungara frog calls.

<p>The opossum turned toward the speaker, tilted its head, rotated its ears, and approached the speaker, sometimes pouncing on it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the playback experiment, in some trials, the opossum spotted the __________, causing it to leave.

<p>researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the predator with its prey based on the provided content.

<p>Tachinid Flies = Mole Crickets Philander Opossums = Tungara Frogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the range of sizes of the Philander opossum?

<p>20-33cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fringe-lipped bat captures and eats mole crickets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations may have occurred in mole crickets?

<p>Adaptation of vocalizations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bat visits result in the capture of a frog, according to the provided information?

<p>29.4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fringe-lipped bats have a frog capture success rate of approximately 1 in every 20 visits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prey vocalizations do frog-eating bats respond to?

<p>frog vocalizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Tuttle and Ryan provides data on the responses of ________ bats preying on ________.

<p>fringe-lipped; frogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the percentages with the bat and frog interaction.

<p>58.5% = Percentage of bat visits 29.4% = Percentage leading to a frog capture 2.3% = Categories of frog vocalization 1 in 42.7 = Success rate visits</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mole cricket trapping using male calls, what is the most likely explanation for the presence of tawny mole crickets in traps designed for southern mole crickets?

<p>There is a degree of overlap or mistake in the attraction to the calls of different mole cricket species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might male mole crickets be drawn to the vocalizations of other males?

<p>To assess the quality of the habitat and potential mate availability near the calling male. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of southern mole crickets in traps intended for tawny mole crickets indicates complete species-specificity in mole cricket vocalizations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the capture of both tawny and southern mole crickets in traps baited with species-specific calls suggest about using acoustic lures for pest control?

<p>Acoustic lures may attract non-target species</p> Signup and view all the answers

The attraction of mole crickets to traps using species-specific calls may be influenced by factors such as habitat quality and availability of nearby ______.

<p>females</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering Figure 18.3, what conclusion can be drawn regarding the attractiveness of the funnel traps to mole crickets?

<p>The funnels themselves do not possess any inherent attractiveness to mole crickets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you observe that mole crickets of species A are consistently attracted to the calls of species B, what experimental follow-up would best clarify the nature of this cross-attraction?

<p>Perform playback experiments with modified calls to identify the specific acoustic parameters responsible for cross-attraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the proposed factor with its potential role in male mole cricket behavior in response to other male vocalizations.

<p>Checking out the location = Assessing habitat quality and resources Finding a good location = Seeking areas with favorable conditions for calling and mating Females already nearby = Identifying areas with increased mating opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, the red-eyed fly (Ormia depleta) uses the mole cricket's visual cues to locate its host.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming that the overlap in call attraction between southern and tawny mole crickets is due to similarities in their vocalizations, which acoustic feature is most likely responsible for this?

<p>Call dominant frequency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on Figure 18.4 related to the captures of parasitic flies, how does the timing of mole cricket vocalization influence the life cycle of Ormia depleta?

<p>The flies' adult activity is synchronized with the mole crickets' vocalization period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Figure 18.1 illustrates a signal sender and receiver, environment, and ______ in a communication model.

<p>decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the mole cricket species with the implied control mechanism suggested by the presence of Ormia depleta:

<p>Tawny Mole Cricket = Parasitic flies use the calls of the mole crickets to locate them. Southern Mole Cricket = Parasitic flies use the calls of the mole crickets to locate them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Figure 18.4, what can be inferred about the host specificity of Ormia depleta concerning mole cricket species?

<p>The flies exhibit broad host specificity, parasitizing multiple species of mole crickets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based solely on the figures provided, it is evident that the parasitic fly (Ormia depleta) directly controls the mole cricket population size.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of male mole cricket calls in the parasitic relationship between mole crickets and Ormia depleta.

<p>Male calls serve as a signal that attracts parasitic flies to the mole crickets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Frog Capture Success Rate

The percentage of times a fringe-lipped bat successfully captures a frog during its visits.

Bat Prey Detection

Fringe-lipped bats use the frequency of frog vocalizations to identify and locate prey.

Differential Response to Prey

Fringe lipped bats respond differently to the vocalizations of different frog species.

Figure 18.6

This figure (18.6) shows experiments investigating fringe-lipped bats preying on frogs

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Fringe-lipped Bat Diet

Fringe-lipped bats are a type of bat that eats frogs.

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Ormia depleta

A parasitic fly that targets mole crickets.

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Neoscapteriscus vicinus

The tawny mole cricket species.

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Neoscapteriscus borellii

The southern mole cricket species.

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Mole Cricket Calls

Male mole crickets produce calls to attract mates.

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Fly-Cricket Timing

Parasitic flies are active when mole crickets vocalize.

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Funnel Attractiveness

Innate attractiveness to the funnel itself

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Ecology/Ethology

Study of the interactions between organisms and their environment, including behavioral responses.

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Cricket Communication

Mole crickets are signal senders and receivers; the environment affects this interplay.

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Mole cricket call mistakes

Mole crickets sometimes make mistakes and are attracted to the wrong calls.

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Male mole cricket attraction

Male mole crickets gather information about other males by being attracted to their vocalizations.

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Mole cricket 'checking out'

Male mole crickets might be drawn to other male's calls to check them out.

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Mole cricket good locations

Male mole crickets might move due to a good location other males may inhabit.

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Mole crickets & females

Male mole crickets are drawn to where the females already are.

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Mole cricket vocalization specificity

Mole cricket vocalizations are not entirely species-specific.

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Southern mole cricket presence

Southern mole crickets are present in tawny mole cricket traps because they are attracted to the tawny mole cricket calls.

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Tawny mole cricket presence

Tawny mole crickets are present in southern mole cricket traps because they are attracted to the southern mole cricket calls.

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Parasitic Flies

Flies that parasitize mole crickets, located by the calls of the males.

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Mole Cricket Breeding Season

The time when mole crickets reproduce, making males vocalize.

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Why don't flies recognize all calls?

Some mole cricket species may have adapted their calls, or not co-existed.

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Philander Opossum

A frog predator, about 20-33 cm long.

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Tungara Frog

A frog species. Males attract mates through calls

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Opossum response to Playback

Facing away, then turning, tilting head and rotating ears, approaching the source of the sound.

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Fringe-lipped bat

Captured prey while vocalizing.

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Frequency and Frog Capture

The bat is more likely to capture the frog.

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Response

An observable reaction to a stimulus or change in the environment.

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Ulagaraj & Walker Experiment

Ulagaraj and Walker's experiment involved broadcasting recorded cricket vocalizations through speakers to observe mole cricket responses.

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Why use a control funnel?

To ensure that the crickets were responding to the sound and not another factor, the researchers needed a control. The funnel with no speaker served as that control.

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Control (experiment)

A control is a standard of comparison for checking or verifying the results of an experiment or survey.

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Mole cricket call responses

Mole crickets respond more actively to the calls of their own species.

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Species-specific vocalizations

Each species of mole cricket has unique vocalizations, meaning their calls are species-specific.

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Vocalization Importance

Species-specificity in mole cricket vocalizations allows for species recognition and mate attraction.

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Advantage of Specificity

Species specificity ensures that mole crickets attract and mate with individuals of their own species.

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Bat learning

Fringe-lipped bats can learn associations between cane toad vocalizations and prey.

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Trials to learn

This table likely presents data on how many trials are needed for bats to learn an association.

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Toad calls & prey

Cane toads' vocalizations can signal the presence of palatable prey for bats.

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Visual representation

The figure likely visually depicts the relationship between trials and learning speed.

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Bat survival

Fringe-lipped bats' ability to learn and adapt is crucial for survival, especially with introduced species like cane toads.

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Study Notes

Chapter 18: Information in the Environment: Section 18.1

  • Biology learning objectives include:
    • Identifying commonalities between communication within and between species
    • Evaluating how organisms use information to exploit other species
    • Providing examples of adaptations based on information passed between individuals of another species

Mole Crickets and Vocalizations

  • Tawny mole crickets (Neoscapteriscus vicinus) are arthropods in the class Insecta
  • Southern mole crickets (Neoscapteriscus borellii) produce sound via stridulation
  • The dominant frequency for the tawny mole cricket is 3.1 kHz
  • The dominant frequency for the southern mole cricket is 2.7 kHz
  • Mole crickets produce species-specific vocalizations, and mistakes can occur

Ulagaraj and Walker Experiment

  • Tested mole cricket responses to vocalizations, using:
    • Funnels with speakers
    • Control funnels with no speaker
    • Collecting jars to capture crickets
  • Researchers recorded cricket vocalizations and broadcast them through speakers
  • Southern male calls attracted mostly southern mole crickets
  • The majority of crickets captured in traps using tawny mole cricket calls were tawny females
  • Numbers in the control funnel show that there was no innate attractiveness to the funnel itself

Parasitic Flies and Mole Crickets

  • Red-eyed flies (Ormia depleta) are parasitic to mole crickets
  • The fly has evolved to be active at the same time of year that the mole crickets are vocalizing
  • More tachinid flies were captured at traps playing tawny mole cricket calls (51)

Philander Opossums and Tungara Frogs

  • Philander opossums are predators of frogs, with a length of 20-33 cm
  • Tungara frogs attract predators with their mating calls
  • When recordings of Tungara frog calls were played, opossums:
    • Turned toward the speaker, tilted head and rotated ears, and approached the speaker (5/5 trials)
    • Pounced on the speaker and circled it if the playback was on (3/5 trials)
    • Spotted the researchers and left (2/5 trials)

Fringe-lipped Bats and Frogs

  • Fringe-lipped bats capture and eat frogs
  • Fringe-lipped bats had an approximate 58.5% success rate when frogs vocalized at full chorus
  • Fringe-lipped bats distinguish between edible and poisonous prey vocalizations
  • Naive fringe-lipped bats learn quickly to avoid cane toad vocalizations with an experienced bat present (5.3 trials vs ~96 trials)

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Explore mole cricket communication and vocalizations, focusing on species-specific signals. Learn about the Ulagaraj and Walker experiment, which studied cricket responses to different vocalizations. Understand how these arthropods use sound for interspecies communication.

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