Integrating Concepts in Biology PDF

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 18: Information in the Environment Section 18.1 Have organisms evolved to exploit communication between individuals of other species? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Le...

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 18: Information in the Environment Section 18.1 Have organisms evolved to exploit communication between individuals of other species? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Learning Objectives Identify the commonalities between communication within a species and communication between species. Evaluate how information is used by organisms to find and exploit other species. Provide examples of adaptations of one species to the information passed between individuals of another species. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.  A grasshopper (katydid) and a mole cricket Figure 18.1 Left, public domain. 2007. Right, Ilona Loser, 2009, Creative Commons. ​  Tawny mole cricket (Neoscapteriscus vicinus) Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Figure 18.1 File:Fossorial_front_leg_of_Mole_Cricket_IMG_5038a.JP G Left, public domain. 2007. Right, Ilona Loser, 2009, Creative Commons. ​ Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  Tawny mole cricket Southern mole cricket (Neoscapteriscus vicinus) (Neoscapteriscus borellii) Produces sound via Stridulation https://orthsoc.org/sina/342a.htm https://orthsoc.org/sina/341a.htm Dominant frequency 3.1 kHz. Dominant frequency 2.7 kHz. waveform (x-axis = time y-axis = energy Figure 18.1 Left, public domain. 2007. Right, Ilona Loser, 2009, Creative Commons. ​ Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  Tawny mole cricket Southern mole cricket (Neoscapteriscus vicinus) (Neoscapteriscus borellii) Signal sender Information* Signal sender Signal receiver Environment Signal receiver ? Decision & Response Figure 18.1 Left, public domain. 2007. Right, Ilona Loser, 2009, Creative Commons. ​ Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  Testing mole cricket responses to vocalizations Describe experiment of Ulagaraj and Walker Figure 18.2 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 1.  Testing mole cricket responses to vocalizations Recorded vocalizations of crickets and broadcasted them through speakers Figure 18.2 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 1.  Testing mole cricket responses to vocalizations Why did the researchers include a funnel with no speaker? Figure 18.2 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 1.  Testing mole cricket responses to vocalizations Why did the researchers include a funnel with no speaker? Control Figure 18.2 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 1. Responses of mole crickets to recordings of male calls Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male southern mole cricket calls What can you conclude from this about mole cricket vocalizations? Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male southern mole cricket calls What can you conclude about the species- specificity of mole cricket vocalizations? Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male southern mole cricket calls What can you conclude about the species- specificity of mole cricket vocalizations? Vocalizations are specific to a species Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male southern mole cricket calls What explains the presence of tawny mole crickets in these traps? Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male southern mole cricket calls What explains the presence of tawny mole crickets in these traps? Mistakes Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male tawny mole cricket calls Hypothesize as to why male mole crickets are attracted to the vocalizations of other males. Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male tawny mole cricket calls To check them out Find a good location Females already nearby Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to male tawny mole cricket calls What can you conclude about the species-specificity of mole cricket vocalizations? What explains the presence of southern mole crickets in these traps? Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to control How do the numbers of crickets trapped by this funnel affect your conclusions about species specificity? Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Responses of mole crickets to control There was no innate attractiveness to the funnel itself Figure 18.3 Modified from Ulagaraj & Walker, 1973, Figure 2a.  Tawny mole cricket Southern mole cricket (Neoscapteriscus vicinus) (Neoscapteriscus borellii) Red-eyed fly – Ormia depleta Signal sender Information* Signal sender Signal receiver Environment Signal receiver ? Decision & Response https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1049964416301025-fx1.jpg Figure 18.1 Left, public domain. 2007. Right, Ilona Loser, 2009, Creative Commons. ​ Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  Captures of parasitic flies at speakers playing male calls of three mole crickets What do these data tell you about the life cycles of the parasitic fly and the mole crickets? Figure 18.4 Data from Fowler 1987 Table 1.  Captures of parasitic flies at speakers playing male calls of three mole crickets The fly has evolved so that adults are active at the same time of year that the mole crickets are vocalizing Figure 18.4 Data from Fowler 1987 Table 1.  Captures of parasitic flies at speakers playing male calls of three mole crickets How specific are the flies to species of mole crickets? Figure 18.4 Data from Fowler 1987 Table 1.  Captures of parasitic flies at speakers playing male calls of three mole crickets Breeding season of mole crickets Figure 18.4 Data from Fowler 1987 Table 1.  Tachinid flies captured at traps playing vocalizations from 1 of 5 mole cricket species Table 18.1 Data from Fowler, 1987, text p. 476.  Tachinid flies captured at traps playing vocalizations from 1 of 5 mole cricket species Speculate as to why the parasitic flies have not evolved to recognize the vocalizations of all mole crickets Table 18.1 Data from Fowler, 1987, text p. 476.  Tachinid flies captured at traps playing vocalizations from 1 of 5 mole cricket species 1. May have co-existed in habitat in South America 2. Changa and northern mole crickets have adapted their vocalizations Table 18.1 Data from Fowler, 1987, text p. 476.  The philander opossum, a predator of frogs 20 – 33 cm Creative Commons. Figure 18.5  The Tungara frog Vocalizing male http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=5S-RAgudnww&NR=1 Brian Gratwicke, 2012, Creative Commons. Figure 18.5  Philander opossums observed near a pond that contained breeding male Tungara frogs Observed about 2 hours/night; recorded 39 captures Typical behavior recorded: describe Playback experiment: Recordings played when opossum was near but facing away from the speaker and no frogs vocalizing 5/5 trials: opossum turned toward speaker, tilted head and rotated ears, approached the speaker 3/5 trials: pounced on the speaker, continued to circle the speaker if the playback was on. 2/5 trials: opossum spotted the researchers, and it left. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. A fringe-lipped bat capturing and then eating a frog Percentage of bat visits leading to a frog capture for categories of frog vocalization frequency Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons Percentage of bat visits leading to 58.5% a frog capture for 29.4% categories of frog vocalization 2.3% success frequency (1 in 42.7 visits) Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons  Responses of frog-eating bats to vocalizations of different prey Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons  Responses of frog-eating bats to vocalizations of different prey Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons  Responses of frog-eating bats to vocalizations of different prey Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons  Responses of frog-eating bats to vocalizations of different prey Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons  Responses of frog-eating bats to vocalizations of different prey Compare responses within boxes Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons  Results of experiments on fringe-lipped bats preying on frogs Rate of success: % of bat visits leading to capture of a frog Compare responses within boxes Figure 18.6 From Tuttle and Ryan, 1981, Table 1. Inset: Author: Karin Schneeberger. Creative Commons Trials needed for fringe-lipped bats to learn to associate cane toad vocalization with palatable prey Table 18.2 From Page and Ryan, 2006, Figure 2 Trials needed for fringe-lipped bats to learn to associate cane toad vocalization with palatable prey Table 18.2 From Page and Ryan, 2006, Figure 2 Trials needed for fringe-lipped bats to learn to associate cane toad vocalization with palatable prey Table 18.2 From Page and Ryan, 2006, Figure 2 Trials needed for fringe-lipped bats to learn to associate cane toad vocalization with palatable prey Table 18.2 From Page and Ryan, 2006, Figure 2 Trials needed for fringe-lipped bats to learn to associate cane toad vocalization with palatable prey Table 18.2 From Page and Ryan, 2006, Figure 2 Trials needed for fringe-lipped bats to learn to associate cane toad vocalization with palatable prey Table 18.2 From Page and Ryan, 2006, Figure 2 Trials needed for fringe-lipped bats to learn to associate cane toad vocalization with palatable prey Table 18.2 From Page and Ryan, 2006, Figure 2