Infant Speech and Language Development
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Questions and Answers

Which hypothesis suggests that the left side of the brain is hardwired for language abilities?

  • Critical Period Hypothesis
  • Invariance Hypothesis (correct)
  • Equipotentiality
  • Language Acquisition Hypothesis

Equipotentiality suggests that language abilities can only develop on the left side of the brain.

False (B)

What is the term for the time window in biological development when a certain ability must be acquired?

critical period

Infants typically experience the __________ explosion around the age of two, which is the rapid learning of words.

<p>noun</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the babbling stages to their descriptions:

<p>Quasiresonant babbling = Characterized by whiny vocalizations Fully resonant vowel stage = Consists of vowel sounds Marginal syllable = Slow transition between consonants and vowels Canonical syllable = Typical sequences of syllables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the final stage of babbling in infants?

<p>Typical sequences of syllables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genie's inability to acquire proper syntax was solely due to missing the critical period for language acquisition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a type of gesture that directly maps meaning to a signal in infants.

<p>tonic gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves an infant looking at a stimulus for a longer time to indicate preference?

<p>Looking time preference procedure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anterograde amnesia prevents the recall of past events.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of infant-directed speech on language acquisition?

<p>Exaggerating different sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ procedure is used to see if an infant detects a change in stimulus based on looking times.

<p>habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of amnesia with its description:

<p>Retrograde amnesia = Inability to recall past memories Anterograde amnesia = Inability to form new long-term memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of reward might be given to infants who successfully identify a change in auditory stimulus during the head turn procedure?

<p>Positive stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infant-directed communication refers to adults speaking to infants in a regular tone and speed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an infant's looking times when they hear a familiar sound?

<p>Looking times decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of babbling in infants characterized by whiny vocalizations?

<p>Quasiresonant babbling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The noun explosion usually occurs at around age 3.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical period in language acquisition?

<p>A time window in biological development during which a certain ability must be acquired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genie's language development suffered because she missed the __________ for language acquisition.

<p>critical period</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that language abilities have an equal chance of developing in either hemisphere of the brain?

<p>Equipotentiality hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the babbling stages with their corresponding characteristics:

<p>Quasiresonant babbling = Whiny vocalizations Fully resonant vowel stage = Vowel sounds Marginal syllable = Slow consonant-vowel transition Canonical syllable = Typical sequences of syllables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tonic gestures are symbolic signs that do not have a direct connection to their meaning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of evidence supporting the invariance hypothesis?

<p>Infants activate the left side of their brain when hearing speech sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves rewarding infants for detecting a change in auditory stimulus?

<p>Head turn procedure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infant-directed speech involves changing the pitch and speed of speaking to infants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retrograde amnesia?

<p>A condition where an individual is unable to recall past events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ procedure measures how an infant's looking times change when they encounter a new stimulus.

<p>habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of exaggerating different sounds in infant-directed speech?

<p>It aids infants in distinguishing between sounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An infant's looking time increases when they hear familiar sounds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does infant-directed communication affect caregivers’ interaction with infants?

<p>It alters the way caregivers speak by adjusting pitch and speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Equipotentiality Hypothesis

The idea that language abilities can develop in either the left or right side of the brain.

Invariance Hypothesis

Suggests the left side of the brain is specifically wired for language.

Critical Period for Language

A specific time window where language acquisition must occur for typical development.

Quasiresonant Babbling

The first stage of babbling, characterized by whiny vocalizations.

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Fully Resonant Babbling

Babbling stage with vowel sounds (around 3-4 months).

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Marginal Syllable Babbling

Babbling stage with slow transitions between consonants and vowels (4-8 months).

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Canonical Syllable Babbling

Babbling stage with typical sequences of syllables (like 'dadada') (9 months).

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Tonic Gestures

Gestures directly mapping meaning to a signal (e.g., "give", "all gone").

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Infant Speech Perception

How infants process and understand speech sounds.

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Looking Time Preference

Measuring infant speech perception by how long they look at a stimulus. Longer looking time means they prefer it.

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Head Turn Procedure

Measuring infant speech perception based on if the baby turns its head in response to a new sound.

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Habituation Procedure

A way to measure infant speech perception by monitoring how looking time changes when the baby gets used to a stimulus (decreasing) and then seeing if the looking time increases when there is a new sound (they detect a change).

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Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)

Speaking to infants with varied pitch, slower speed, and exaggerated vowel sounds.

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Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall past memories due to brain damage.

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Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new long-term memories.

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Amnesia

Loss of memory, ranging from minutes to years.

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Equipotentiality

The idea that language abilities can develop equally on either side of the brain.

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Critical Period

A specific time window in development where language acquisition is essential for typical development.

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Genie's Case

A real-life example of a person who missed the critical period for language learning due to extreme neglect, hindering their language ability.

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Noun Explosion

A rapid increase in word learning in infants, typically around the age of two.

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Exaggerated Sounds in IDS

One way IDS affects language acquisition. Emphasizing certain speech sounds helps infants learn them.

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Clarifying Sounds in IDS

Another way IDS affects language acquisition. Simplifying speech sounds helps infants understand them.

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Study Notes

Infant Speech and Language Development

  • Equipotentiality and Invariance Hypothesis: Equipotentiality suggests equal brain-side language development potential, while the invariance hypothesis posits left-brain hardwiring for language abilities. Evidence includes left-brain activation during speech sounds, left-side brain damage in aphasia cases, and infants' right-side mouth opening (controlled by the left brain).

Critical Time Periods for Language Acquisition

  • Critical Period: A time window for acquiring a skill. Imprinting in birds and language acquisition in humans are examples. Genie, isolated for 13 years, highlights missed language development windows. Normal syntax (grammar) development might be hindered, possibly due to other life factors beyond the isolated environment.

Stages of Babbling in Infants

  • Quasiresonant Babbling: Early babbling (first few weeks) with whiny vocalizations.
  • Fully Resonant Vowel Stage: (3-4 months) Characterized by vowel sounds.
  • Marginal Syllable Stage: (4-8 months) Gradually transitioning between consonant and vowel sounds.
  • Canonical Syllable Stage: (9 months) Typical syllable sequences (e.g., "dadada," "tatata").

Gesture and Noun Explosion in Infants

  • Tonic Gestures: Direct mapping of meaning to a signal or gesture (e.g., "give", "all gone").
  • Noun Explosion: Rapid word learning, typically around age 2.

Measuring Infant Speech Perception

  • Looking Time Preference Procedure: Infants prefer a stimulus they look at longer.
  • Head Turn Procedure: Infants turn their heads when they detect a change in auditory stimulus.
  • Habituation Procedure: Infants spend less time looking at repeated stimuli, more time on new stimuli.

Infant-Directed Communication (IDS)

  • IDS: Adjusting speech for infants (e.g., higher pitch, slower speech).
  • Impact on Language Acquisition: May exaggerate sounds or clarify important sounds, impacting infant language learning. Adjusting speech might influence how an infant distinguishes and understands speech sounds.

Amnesia

  • Two Kinds:
    • Retrograde amnesia: Difficulty recalling past events, usually due to brain damage.
    • Anterograde amnesia: Difficulty forming new long-term memories, often due to hippocampus damage (e.g., patient HM).

Mental Imagery

  • Approaches:
    • Visual mental imagery approach: Assessing vividness of imagined images.
    • Mental imagery task (e.g., paper-folding): Assessing spatial imagery ability.

Kinds of Aphantasia

  • Aphantasia: Inability to create visual mental images.

Mental Imagery Debate: Depictive vs. Propositional

  • Depictive side: Mental images are pictures, similar to visual scanning tasks.
  • Propositional side: Mental images are abstract language, different from visual scanning tasks.

Mental Scanning, Rotation, and Scaling

  • Mental Scanning: Measuring time to "scan" mental images—depictive side predicts similar times to visual scanning tasks; propositional view differs.
  • Mental Rotation: Time to mentally rotate a mental image; depictive side predicts that longer rotation times take more time to mentally process images; propositional views differ.
  • Mental Scaling: Mental image size affecting processing times; depictive side predicts that the perceived distance affects processing time; propositional view offers different viewpoints.

Perception and Imagery Interaction (Depictive vs. Propositional)

  • Depictive view: Perception and imagery share similar underlying mechanisms.
  • Propositional view: Perception and imagery mechanisms are distinct.

Challenge to Depictive Evidence

  • Linguistic Challenge: Evidence suggests that mental imagery relies on propositional representations, rather than depictive ones, for tasks requiring the use of linguistic code.

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Description

Explore the fascinating stages and theories of infant speech and language development. This quiz covers critical hypotheses, the importance of critical periods, and the stages of babbling in infants. Enhance your understanding of how language is acquired during early childhood.

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