Final Exam

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In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

Cobbler stone appearance = Crohn’s disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening ofthe epithelial wall. h. pylori = appearanceA bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers Ascites = A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen Osteopenia = Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis

SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

Gastroparesis = Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD myositis = Inflammation of muscle and joints steatorrhea = Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease staphylococcus = The bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis

SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

volvulus = Disease where the large intestine is twisting Degenerative disc disease = The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned cholelithiasis = Gallbladder is producing gallstones Erythema migraines = Another name for a bull’s eye rash of Lyme Disease

SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

hematochezia = Bleeding from hemorrhoids Arthritis = Inflammation of a joint Melena = Blood in stool Empyema = Infection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of swelling that can occur in osteoarthritis? How are the different?

Primary: Most common. Typically affects knees, fingers, thumbs, spine, and hips. Secondary: Occurs after preexisting joint injuries and/or trauma. Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic, gout, Ehlers-Danlos, and infectious joint diseases. Secondary artheritis-occurs after preexisting joint injury. Signup and view all the answers

What are the usual risk factors of osteoporosis?

Aging, women, low vitamin d and calcium intake, genetics Signup and view all the answers

How can a joint be infected? Name two routes of infection that can occur.

Infections of joints can arise from: Hematogenous spread (in the course of bacteremia or fungemia): the most common route. Direct inoculation (surgical, injections of joints, or accidental trauma) Contiguous spread Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of how uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperglycemia.

Uric acid is a by product of nucleic acid breakdown become too high in the blood because of decreased elimination from the kidneys/GI system. Eating too much purine rich in food/alcohol, and hormonal productions of too much uric acid. When this happens, the uric acid deposits in joints, typically the toes and crystalizes. Gout is an example of this Signup and view all the answers

Name the three types of hernia that can be found. How are they different?

Strangulation- Fatty tissue or a section of the small intestines pushes through a weakened area of the abdominal muscle. The surrounding muscle then clamps down around the tissue, cutting off the blood supply to the small intestine. Inguinal- An inguinal hernia happens in your groin, in a passageway called the inguinal canal. You might see a bulge on one side of your pelvic bone. It’s caused by abdominal tissue pushing through an opening in your lower abdominal wall. Can be pushed back with pressure .Incarceration- when part of an organ protrudes into the groin region and cannot be massaged back into its respective cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Celiac Disease, Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?

Celiac-, eating gluten triggers an immune response in your small intestine. Over time, this reaction damages your small intestine's lining and prevents it from absorbing some nutrients (malabsorptionCrohns disease- chronic disease that causes inflammation in your digestive tract. It can affect any part of your digestive tract, Ulcerative colitis- is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine, also called the colon, and rectum Signup and view all the answers

What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?

appendicitis initially presents with generalized or periumbilical abdominal pain that later localizes to the right lower quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What are diverticula? Where does this often occur? Give specific location. What is the main cause?

small bulges or pockets (diverticula) develop in the lining of the intestine. Diverticulitis is when these pockets become inflamed or infected. The large intestine becomes weaker with age, and the pressure of hard stools passing through the large intestine is thought to cause the bulges to form. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ulcer? Describe how ulcers can be created in the body. Where do most ulcers occur?

A ulcer is A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract. Most ulcers occur in the first layer of the inner lining. A hole in the stomach or duodenum is called a perforation Signup and view all the answers

DIRECTIONS: Explain why a patient with advanced liver failure displays the following signs and symptoms. An explanation should be provided for each

Ascites = Fluid accumulation from from liver failure leads to abdominal swelling Esophageal bleeding = Liver failure causes esophageal varices which can burst Jaundice = Liver doesn’t remove enough bilirubin from the blood Confusion = hepatic encephalopathy liver gets damaged toxins get into the blood stream and travel to the brain Signup and view all the answers

DIRECTIONS: Explain why a patient with advanced liver failure displays the following signs and symptoms. An explanation should be provided for each

Elevated ammonia = build up of toxins when the liver doesnt break the toxins down properly shunting of blood Melena = Upper GI bleeding Hepatomegaly = infections, toxins Inflammation falty liver, elarged liver, blood is backed up and becomes congested Prolonged clotting time = when the protein prothrombin is high it will take longer for the blood to clot Signup and view all the answers

DIRECTIONS: Explain why a patient with advanced liver failure displays the following signs and symptoms. An explanation should be provided for each

<h1>Excessive bruising = when the blood doesnt clot properly then bruising can occur (portal hypertension Steatorrhea = portal hypertension, intestinal mucosa lesion, pancreatic insufficency , defective intralumina Calcium issues = a diseased liver cannot produce enough albumin levels fall, less calcium remains in blood leading to hypocalcemia</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Using your learning guide and information in book and PPT’s, in one paragraph, describe the causes of hepatitis – including the viral and other reasons.

The main types of hepatitiis include A, B, C,D and E. Hep. A & E results from fecal-oral transmission, Hep B and D results from blood blood products, bodily fluids or sexual contact. Hep C is mostly caused from IV drug use. Nonviral hepatitis results from exposure to toxic chemicals or autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

Explain how gallbladder dysfunction will cause issues with the bile duct of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to cause inflammation.

When there is blockage of cystic duct, fluid is not able to flow into small intestine so bile fluid try flow back into gall bladder through bile duct and also pancreatic duct which is connected to pancreas, which leads to inflammation of pancreas( pancreatitis) Signup and view all the answers

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are located in Module 6 Learning Guide.

Ischemic penumbra = Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion – not irreversible Trauma ischemic attack = Small, temporary min-strokes that usually resolve on their own polydipsia = Increased thirst and drinking, symptom of diabetes Dopamine = In Parkinson’s Disease, patients have progressive loss of this neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are located in Module 6 Learning Guide.

Cortisol = Cushing’s Syndrome is due to an increase of this hormone Hemiparesis = Weakness or inability to move on one side of the body Secondary dysfunction = This type of endocrine dysfunction occurs due to abnormal pituitary activity Goiter = Enlargement of the thyroid that may be due to excess TSH Signup and view all the answers

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are located in Module 6 Learning Guide.

Hemorrhage stroke = Cerebral aneurysm is an example of this type of stroke Atherosclerosis = One of the causes of ischemic stroke that would create stasis of blood leading toclot formation Exophthalmos = Symptom of hyperthyroidism that is the name of bulging eyes Myelin sheath = Protective sheath around axon that may deteriorate with some nervous diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus? Describe the pathogenesis of both.

In diabetes mellitus, the level of glucose in your blood, also called blood sugar, is too high. Your kidneys try to remove the extra glucose by passing it in your urine. In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can’t properly concentrate urine Signup and view all the answers

Describe the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. What is the difference between the two diseases?

Hyperthyroidism occurs when your body makes too much of the thyroid hormones, if you have hyperthyroidism, you may experience a fast heartbeat, increased appetite, anxiety, sensitivity to heat or sudden weight loss.In hypothyroidism, the gland’s hormone production slows, which slows your metabolism.This can lead to weight gain. Hypothyroidism is common, affecting about 4.6% of the U.S. population. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what happens in the brain to cause glutamate toxicity.

Too much glutamate in the brain can cause nerve cells to become overexcited. Overexcitement can lead to brain cell damage and/or death. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the types and categories of seizures.

Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain.Absence seizures, sometimes called petit mal seizures, can cause rapid blinking or a few seconds of staring into space. Tonic-clonic seizures, also called grand mal seizures, can make a person, Cry out, Lose consciousness, Fall to the ground, Have muscle jerks or spasms Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between Myasthenia Gravis, Multiple Sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles. Myasthenia gravis affects the voluntary muscles of thebody, especially those that control the eyes, mouth, throat and limbs.Guillain-Barre (gee-YAH-buh-RAY) syndrome is a rare disorder in which your body's immune system attacks your nerves.Weakness and tingling in your hands and feet are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of ONE prerenal, ONE intrarenal, and ONE postrenal disease.

Prerenal- Heart FailureIntrarenal- Autoimmune conditions (lupus) Postrenal- Kidney stones Signup and view all the answers

How can nephrolithiasis lead to pyelonephritis?

bacteria (germs) get into the urinary system and multiply. The result is redness, swelling, and pain. Ifthe infection is not treated promptly, the bacteria can travel up to the kidneys and cause a more serious type of infection, called pyelonephritis. Signup and view all the answers

Describe chronic renal failure stages and the effect on filtration rate.

Stage 1 CKD means you have a normal eGFR of 90 or greater and mild damage to your kidneysStage 2 CKD means your eGFR has gone down to between 60 and 89, and youhave mild damage to your kidneys.Stage 3 CKD means you have an eGFR between 30 and 59 and mild to moderate damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste and extra fluid out of your blood. pg. 8 of 10 HCR 240 Final Study Guide Stage 4 CKD means you have an eGFR between 15 and 29 and moderate to severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste out of your blood. This waste can build up in your bodyStage 5 CKD means you have an eGFR less than 15 and severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys are getting very close to failure or have already failed (stopped working). Because your kidneys have stopped working to filter waste out of your blood, waste products build up in your body, which can make you very sick and cause other health problems. Signup and view all the answers

Why are female risk factors for UTI higher than in males?

a woman has a shorter urethra than a man does, which shortens the distance that bacteria must travel to reach the bladder. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the different types of urinary incontinence that can occur.

stress: urine loss during activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing or jumping urge: occasional sudden need to urinate with large volume urine lossmixed: combination of stress and urge incontinenceoverflow: a frequent dribble of urine due to inefficient bladder emptying functional: urine loss not associated with any pathology or problem in the urinary system Signup and view all the answers

What female disorder is the leading cause of infertility in women in U.S.? Describe the pathogenesis ofthis disease?

Polycystic ovary syndrome is A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges. Signup and view all the answers

Describe where endometriosis often occurs. How does this displaced tissue cause bleeding? What are the three theories that are thought to be the cause of endometriosis?

tissue like the tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining your pelvis. embryonic cell transformation, surgical scar implantation and retrograde menstruation can be Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia? What is the main population that get this disease?

loss of homeostasis between cellular proliferation and cell death, resulting in an imbalance favoring cellular proliferation. Signup and view all the answers

Name THREE causes of erectile dysfunction.

Smoking, obesity, diabetes Signup and view all the answers

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 7 Learning Guide.

hematuria = Blood in urine amenorrhea = Absence of menstrual period E.coli = Most common bacteria that may cause UTI Testicular cancer = Most common cancer in males age 15 to 35 years in U.S. Signup and view all the answers

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 7 Learning Guide.

nephrolithiasis = Kidney stones Bv = Bacterial infection that often ascends from vagina hydronephrosis = Urine backup in the kidney Delayed puberty = Secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by age 13 in females Signup and view all the answers

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 7 Learning Guide.

orchiectomy = Removal of testes pyuria = White blood cel in the urine Digital rectum exam = Assessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia Oligomenorrhea = Infrequent menstrual periods Signup and view all the answers

Final Exam

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Questions and Answers

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

What are the two types of swelling that can occur in osteoarthritis? How are the different?

What are the usual risk factors of osteoporosis?

How can a joint be infected? Name two routes of infection that can occur.

Describe the process of how uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperglycemia.

Name the three types of hernia that can be found. How are they different?

What is the difference between Celiac Disease, Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?

What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?

What are diverticula? Where does this often occur? Give specific location. What is the main cause?

What is an ulcer? Describe how ulcers can be created in the body. Where do most ulcers occur?

DIRECTIONS: Explain why a patient with advanced liver failure displays the following signs and symptoms. An explanation should be provided for each

DIRECTIONS: Explain why a patient with advanced liver failure displays the following signs and symptoms. An explanation should be provided for each

DIRECTIONS: Explain why a patient with advanced liver failure displays the following signs and symptoms. An explanation should be provided for each

Using your learning guide and information in book and PPT’s, in one paragraph, describe the causes of hepatitis – including the viral and other reasons.

Explain how gallbladder dysfunction will cause issues with the bile duct of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to cause inflammation.

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are located in Module 6 Learning Guide.

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are located in Module 6 Learning Guide.

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are located in Module 6 Learning Guide.

What is the difference between Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus? Describe the pathogenesis of both.

Describe the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. What is the difference between the two diseases?

Describe what happens in the brain to cause glutamate toxicity.

Describe the types and categories of seizures.

Describe the difference between Myasthenia Gravis, Multiple Sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.

Give an example of ONE prerenal, ONE intrarenal, and ONE postrenal disease.

How can nephrolithiasis lead to pyelonephritis?

Describe chronic renal failure stages and the effect on filtration rate.

Why are female risk factors for UTI higher than in males?

Describe the different types of urinary incontinence that can occur.

What female disorder is the leading cause of infertility in women in U.S.? Describe the pathogenesis ofthis disease?

Describe where endometriosis often occurs. How does this displaced tissue cause bleeding? What are the three theories that are thought to be the cause of endometriosis?

What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia? What is the main population that get this disease?

Name THREE causes of erectile dysfunction.

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 7 Learning Guide.

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 7 Learning Guide.

In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found inReadings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 7 Learning Guide.

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