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What is the first component of the refractive apparatus of the eye in order of importance?
Which patient positioning is most commonly used during ophthalmological surgeries?
Which device is NOT typically used to ensure patient safety during ophthalmology surgeries?
What type of surgical instruments would be utilized specifically for intraocular surgery like cataract surgery?
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What is the purpose of dilating drops used in ophthalmic surgeries?
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In a minor count procedure during ophthalmic surgeries, what is the sequence of counts performed?
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What is a primary nursing consideration for visually impaired patients during the pre-operative phase?
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What role does collaboration play in ensuring patient safety during ophthalmology surgery?
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Which substance is primarily used to enhance the effect of local anesthetics?
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What is the main purpose of using miotic drops in surgery?
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What is the function of BSS during eye surgery?
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Which agent is commonly added to BSS to help prevent bleeding during surgery?
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What is the primary purpose of using a cryotherapy machine in retinal surgery?
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What is the safe concentration range for epinephrine when used with injectable anesthetics?
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In which surgical procedure is the muscle cut and reattached at a point further back from the front of the eye?
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Which medication is classified as an antimetabolite used to inhibit scar formation?
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What does the phacoemulsification machine utilize to break up cataracts?
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What characterizes esotropia in strabismus?
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What is the reason for performing enucleation?
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Which of the following is NOT a common use for sodium hyaluronate in eye surgeries?
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What is a potential consequence of improper handling of 5-Fluorouracil during glaucoma-filtering procedures?
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What procedure is commonly done to remove a blockage of the meibomian gland?
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What role do hyperosmotic agents like mannitol play in intraocular surgery?
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What condition involves the sagging and eversion of the lower eyelid?
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What is the main purpose of an operating microscope in ophthalmic surgeries?
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Which of the following is a fleshy, triangular encroachment of conjunctiva onto the cornea?
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Which statement accurately describes hypertropia?
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Which procedure would likely follow if a patient required an implant after enucleation?
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What is the primary difference between continuous wave operation and pulsed operation in lasers?
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What is a potential consequence of an increase in floaters in a patient’s vision?
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Which class of laser is characterized as having the potential to cause immediate severe eye damage upon exposure?
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Which technique is utilized in laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy?
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What is the primary purpose of vitrectomy surgery?
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What is the unit of measurement for the total energy used during a laser procedure?
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Which laser type is commonly associated with surgical applications and operates at high energy levels?
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In pneumatic retinopexy, how is the retinal break managed?
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What safety class would a laser that is safe during normal use, such as laser pointers, fall under?
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What is a key difference between Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction and Intra Capsular Cataract Extraction?
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What mechanism does scleral buckling employ to reattach the retina?
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What condition does vitreous opacification primarily affect?
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Which of the following statements about cataract surgeries is true?
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What happens to the vitreous fluid as a person ages?
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Study Notes
Refractive Apparatus of the Eye
- Key components include the cornea, lens, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor, prioritized by importance.
Perioperative Nursing Considerations
- Patients range from premature infants to the elderly, with varying causes for ophthalmic conditions.
- Ambulatory admission areas are common, requiring patient orientation to surroundings.
- Constant communication is vital for visually impaired patients prior to surgery.
- Patient positioning during surgery is influenced by the specific procedure and surgeon preferences; supine position is standard for ophthalmology.
- Collaboration with the surgical team is crucial for safe patient positioning and use of safety straps and electrode pads.
Instrumentation for Ophthalmic Surgery
- Various instruments required include:
- Extra capsular instruments for retinal and muscle surgeries.
- Intra capsular micro instruments for cataract surgery.
- Specific tools like beaver knives, eye speculums, corneal scissors, lacrimal probes, and muscle hooks.
- Ophthalmic procedures follow a minor count protocol: Initial Count, Closing Count, and Final Count.
Eye Pharmacology
- Different medications are utilized during eye surgeries:
- Dilating Drops (e.g., Phenylephrine, Atropine) used pre-operatively for pupil dilation.
- Miotic Drops (e.g., Miochol) constrict pupils during surgery.
- Viscoelastics (e.g., Sodium Hyaluronate) support and lubricate tissues during surgery.
- Eye Irrigation (e.g., Balanced Salt Solution) keeps the cornea moist and can be augmented with epinephrine.
- Hyperosmotic Agents (e.g., Mannitol) lower intraocular pressure.
- Local Anesthetics (e.g., Lidocaine) may include epinephrine to enhance effect.
- Antimetabolites (e.g., 5-Fluorouracil) inhibit scarring in glaucoma procedures.
Equipment for Eye Surgery
- Phacoemulsification Machine: Uses ultrasound for cataract removal.
- Posterior Vitrectomy Machine: Removes vitreous gel with cutter handpieces.
- Cryotherapy Machine: Seals retinal breaks using nitrous oxide.
- Lasers: Used for various interventions including cataract surgery and corneal reshaping.
- Operating Microscope: Provides magnification and illumination for procedures.
Surgical Interventions
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Extra Ocular Surgeries: Involve the muscles surrounding the eye.
- Strabismus Surgery: Corrects misalignment; categorized into esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia.
- Surgical techniques include recession (weakening) and resection (strengthening).
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Enucleation: Removal of the entire eyeball, often due to trauma, tumors, or in cases of painful, blind eyes. An implant is inserted post-removal.
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Chalazion Removal: Alleviates blockage of the meibomian gland.
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Entropion and Extropian Repairs: Correct inward or outward eyelid abnormalities, respectively.
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Pterygium Excision: Removes conjunctival growth on the cornea.
Retinal Surgery
- Vitreous Fluid: Decreases with age, can lead to floaters and potential retinal detachment.
- Surgical Options for Detachment: Laser surgery, gas bubble injection (pneumatic retinopexy), and scleral buckling.
Intra Ocular Surgeries
- Cataract Surgery: Removal of opaque lens, using either extra capsular (ECCE) or intra capsular extraction (ICCE) methods.
Laser Technology
- Laser Power: Measured in Watts; energy use is quantified in Joules.
- Types of Lasers: CO2, Holmium/YAG, and Green Light KTP lasers.
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Modes of Operation:
- Continuous Wave (CW): Consistent output.
- Pulsed Operation: Alternating on/off for higher peak power.
Laser Safety Classifications
- Class I: Safe, e.g., CD players.
- Class II: Safe under normal use, e.g., laser pointers.
- Class III: Risk of eye damage; commonly used in surgery.
- Class IV: Potentially hazardous; safety protocols required for use.
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Description
This quiz covers the refractive apparatus of the eye, focusing on vital components such as the cornea, lens, vitreous and aqueous humours. Additionally, it reviews perioperative nursing considerations and assessment for ophthalmic patients of various ages. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in eye care and nursing.
