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Questions and Answers
How is the energy of a laser beam quantified?
How is the energy of a laser beam quantified?
What is the primary characteristic of continuous wave (CW) operation in lasers?
What is the primary characteristic of continuous wave (CW) operation in lasers?
Which class of lasers poses a risk of immediate severe eye damage upon exposure?
Which class of lasers poses a risk of immediate severe eye damage upon exposure?
Which mode of operation allows higher peak powers to be achieved in laser applications?
Which mode of operation allows higher peak powers to be achieved in laser applications?
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Which of the following laser types is not mentioned as a specific type in the content?
Which of the following laser types is not mentioned as a specific type in the content?
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Which component of the eye is considered the least important in the refractive apparatus?
Which component of the eye is considered the least important in the refractive apparatus?
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What is the primary focus of nursing assessment for an ophthalmic patient pre-operatively?
What is the primary focus of nursing assessment for an ophthalmic patient pre-operatively?
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During which stage of surgery is the least amount of instrumentation counted?
During which stage of surgery is the least amount of instrumentation counted?
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Which surgical position is most commonly used for ophthalmology surgeries?
Which surgical position is most commonly used for ophthalmology surgeries?
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What is the main purpose of dilating drops in ophthalmic surgeries?
What is the main purpose of dilating drops in ophthalmic surgeries?
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In perioperative practice, who is primarily responsible for ensuring safe patient positioning during surgery?
In perioperative practice, who is primarily responsible for ensuring safe patient positioning during surgery?
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Which instrument is specifically used for intraocular surgery, such as cataract surgical procedures?
Which instrument is specifically used for intraocular surgery, such as cataract surgical procedures?
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What should be done to accommodate visually impaired patients during pre-operative care?
What should be done to accommodate visually impaired patients during pre-operative care?
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What is the primary indication for performing a vitrectomy?
What is the primary indication for performing a vitrectomy?
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What technique is used in laser treatment of diabetic retinopathy to prevent blurry vision?
What technique is used in laser treatment of diabetic retinopathy to prevent blurry vision?
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What condition might an increase in floaters indicate?
What condition might an increase in floaters indicate?
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Which procedure involves applying pressure against retinal breaks to facilitate reattachment?
Which procedure involves applying pressure against retinal breaks to facilitate reattachment?
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What is the main purpose of performing spheral buckling?
What is the main purpose of performing spheral buckling?
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In Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE), which part of the lens capsule is addressed first?
In Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE), which part of the lens capsule is addressed first?
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Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of the vitreous fluid with aging?
Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of the vitreous fluid with aging?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of cataract extraction mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a method of cataract extraction mentioned?
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Which of the following describes a specific risk if the vitreous becomes opaque?
Which of the following describes a specific risk if the vitreous becomes opaque?
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What does the acronym LASER specifically refer to?
What does the acronym LASER specifically refer to?
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In the context of laser technology, what does 'coherent' mean?
In the context of laser technology, what does 'coherent' mean?
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What characteristic of laser light allows it to remain concentrated over long distances?
What characteristic of laser light allows it to remain concentrated over long distances?
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Which part of the definition of laser refers to creating more photons?
Which part of the definition of laser refers to creating more photons?
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What does monochromatic mean in the context of laser light?
What does monochromatic mean in the context of laser light?
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What is the most defining characteristic that enables lasers to perform precise surgical tasks?
What is the most defining characteristic that enables lasers to perform precise surgical tasks?
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What process directly leads to the transmission of laser energy in the form of waves?
What process directly leads to the transmission of laser energy in the form of waves?
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How do laser fibers enhance the effectiveness of laser beams?
How do laser fibers enhance the effectiveness of laser beams?
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What role does amplification play in the functioning of a laser?
What role does amplification play in the functioning of a laser?
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What happens to photons during the stimulated emission process?
What happens to photons during the stimulated emission process?
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Which medication is specifically used to inhibit focusing?
Which medication is specifically used to inhibit focusing?
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What is the primary function of viscoelastics during intraocular surgeries?
What is the primary function of viscoelastics during intraocular surgeries?
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Which of the following agents is used to decrease intraocular pressure during surgery?
Which of the following agents is used to decrease intraocular pressure during surgery?
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What additive is used with local anesthetics to enhance their effect?
What additive is used with local anesthetics to enhance their effect?
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Which irrigation solution may have epinephrine added to prevent bleeding during surgery?
Which irrigation solution may have epinephrine added to prevent bleeding during surgery?
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For what purpose are miotic agents typically used in ocular procedures?
For what purpose are miotic agents typically used in ocular procedures?
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What is the primary use of antimetabolites like 5-Fluorouracil in eye surgery?
What is the primary use of antimetabolites like 5-Fluorouracil in eye surgery?
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Which machine utilizes ultrasound to break up cataracts?
Which machine utilizes ultrasound to break up cataracts?
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Which of the following injectable anesthetics falls within the concentration range for safe use with epinephrine?
Which of the following injectable anesthetics falls within the concentration range for safe use with epinephrine?
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What is the primary role of balanced salt solution (BSS) in ocular surgery?
What is the primary role of balanced salt solution (BSS) in ocular surgery?
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Study Notes
Refractive Apparatus of the Eye
- Key components include the cornea, lens, vitreous humour, and aqueous humour.
Perioperative Nursing Considerations
- Patients range from premature infants to elderly patients; assessments adapt accordingly.
- Ensure patient orientation within the surgical environment, especially for visually impaired patients.
- Patient positioning is often supine but varies by surgical procedure and surgeon preferences.
- Collaboration with the surgical team is essential for safe positioning and use of devices.
- Ensure return electrode pads and safety straps are applied correctly.
Instrumentation and Counting
- Utilize specialized instruments during surgeries; examples include:
- Extra capsular instruments for retinal and muscle surgeries.
- Intra capsular micro instruments for cataract surgery.
- Eye scalpel, eye speculum, and various scissors for precise procedures.
- Minor surgical count protocols include initial, closing, and final counts.
Eye Pharmacology
- Eye drops used for dilation and constriction; examples include:
- Phenylephrine: dilates pupils for surgery.
- Atropine: inhibits focusing.
- Miochol: constricts pupils during anterior surgeries.
- Viscoelastics lubricate and support intraocular structures.
- Eye irrigation solutions maintain corneal moisture; Balanced Salt Solution (BSS) is commonly used.
- Hyperosmotic agents like Mannitol reduce intraocular pressure during surgery.
- Local anesthetics (e.g., Lidocaine, Bupivacaine) used with safety considerations regarding concentrations of epinephrine.
Equipment
- Phacoemulsification Machine: Uses ultrasound for cataract surgery.
- Posterior Vitrectomy Machine: Removes vitreous gel using cutter handpieces; addresses floaters and retinal detachment.
Laser Treatment in Diabetic Retinopathy
- Laser energy assists in regressing neovascularization by targeting peripheral retinal tissues.
- Early intervention via electrocoagulation prevents blurred vision and potential retinal detachment.
- Vitrectomy involves removing opaque vitreous gel to restore vision and treat underlying conditions.
Intraocular Surgeries
- Cataract extraction methods include:
- Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE): Controlled rupture and removal of the lens.
- Intra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ICCE): Rare procedure involving removal of the lens within its capsule.
Lasers
- LASER stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."
- Medical lasers are utilized for precise surgical interventions, focusing on specific tissue areas.
Characteristics of Laser Light
- Collimated: Laser energy remains focused over long distances, allowing concentrated application.
- Coherent: Waves travel in phase, contributing to beam power.
- Monochromatic: Laser light presents a single wavelength, unlike ordinary light.
Laser Power Measurement
- Power measured in Watts; energy described in Joules.
Types of Lasers
- Common types include CO2 Lasers, Holmium/Yag Lasers, and Green Light KTP Lasers.
Modes of Operation
- Continuous Wave (CW): Steady output maintained over time.
- Pulsed Operation: Output varies, providing high peak powers for specific applications.
Laser Safety Classes
- Class I: Inherently safe (e.g., CD players).
- Class II: Safe during normal use (e.g., laser pointers).
- Class III: Can cause eye damage; requires caution.
- Class IIIb/3B: Severe eye damage risk; requires safety protection.
- Class IV/4: High risk of eye/skin damage; strict safety guidelines needed.
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Description
Explore the importance of the refractive apparatus of the eye, including the cornea, lens, vitreous humour, and aqueous humour. This quiz also covers perioperative nursing considerations and assessment for ophthalmic patients across various age groups.
