Module 1: Understanding Randomized Controlled Trials in Sports Medicine

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What is the primary method of heat loss during exercise when the body is in contact with a cold substance?

Evaporation

Conduction (correct)

Convection

Radiation

What is the best way to prevent heat loss through conduction?

Insulation (correct)

Radiation

Evaporation

Convection

What is the primary method of heat loss during exercise when the body is not in contact with a cold substance?

Convection (correct)

Evaporation

Radiation

Conduction

What is the term for the transmission of heat energy from a source?

Radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of heat loss through sweating?

Evaporation Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by a serum or plasma sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L?

Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the superficial and deep freezing of the tissues?

Frostbite Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of acclimatization to heat?

To optimize performance Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for hypothermia?

Remove cold and wet conditions, and provide insulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the occurrence of hyponatremia during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity?

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of a crossover design in a study?

It reduces sample size Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB)?

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, while EIB is an intermittent condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of a meta-analysis in evidence-based sport medicine?

It is a cheap and simple study design Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of a cross-sectional survey in evidence-based sport medicine?

It only establishes associations between disease and risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of having a good warm-up before exercise in individuals with exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB)?

It minimizes the impact of EIB during subsequent exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between EILO and asthma?

EILO is a problem breathing in, while asthma is a problem breathing out Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of diesel exhaust and traffic-related air pollution on cardiovascular health?

It increases the risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ozone exposure on lung function during exercise?

It consistently worsens lung function Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy to reduce the effects of pollution during exercise?

Avoiding exercise during peak pollution hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of a hybrid laboratory/ambient model in pollution research?

It provides a realistic pollution exposure with controlled conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the significant decrease in aerobic capacity at altitude?

Changes in air pressure and oxygen availability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of cohort studies over RCTs?

Ethically safer and easier to conduct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of heat loss?

Insulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between functional and structural blood flow limitations?

Only occurs during exercise vs. chronic limitation Signup and view all the answers

What is EIB, and what are the symptoms?

Exercise-induced bronchospasm, symptoms: wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of doping in the context of athletic competition?

The use of prohibited substances or methods to enhance athletic performance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why athletes may dope?

To gain a competitive advantage Signup and view all the answers

What are the two categories of frostbite based on severity?

Superficial and deep Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which exercise can cause EIB in susceptible individuals?

Transient airway narrowing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition in which an athlete feels 'tired' and 'down', and is not interested in training or school?

Overtraining syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of making decompression stops during a dive?

To off-gas the extra nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy expenditure is accounted for by basal metabolic rate?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What type of diving equipment does not capture the breath exhaled by the diver?

Scuba diving Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the health consequences of relative energy deficiency in sport?

RED-S Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for RED-S?

To restore or normalize body weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of injury that can occur when a diver fails to equalize the air space in their mask during descent?

Mask squeeze Signup and view all the answers

What type of diving is commonly used for working on underwater structures and takes a longer period of time?

Commercial diving Signup and view all the answers

What is the law that states that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature?

Boyle's Law Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the volume of air in a bucket as it is lowered to 10m of depth?

It is halved Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for not holding your breath while diving?

To avoid the expansion of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to a blackout?

Hypocapnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a rebreather in diving?

To capture the breath exhaled by the diver Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the feeling of needing to breathe when the carbon dioxide level in the blood reaches a certain threshold?

Respiratory drive Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of reducing the amount of CO2 in the blood through hyperventilation before a dive?

It reduces the urge to breathe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the passing out while underwater, often leading to drowning or other serious consequences?

Shallow water blackout Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of assessing the risk of RED-S in athletes?

RED-S CAT Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Decompression Sickness?

Formation of bubbles of inert gases in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that encompasses both Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism?

Decompression Illness Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of blood to extravasate to squeeze outside the vessels into the sclera of the eye?

Pressure differential between the inside of the scuba diving mask and the ambient pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for Decompression Sickness?

Oxygen therapy and emergency evacuation Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by airway obstruction, which can lead to gas trapping and pulmonary barotrauma?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Who is most at risk of experiencing ear squeeze?

People with upper respiratory tract infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of the sinus in a sinus squeeze?

Gray balloons Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for Immersion Pulmonary Edema?

Medication to reduce pulmonary artery pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sinus?

To make the skull lighter Signup and view all the answers

What is the symptom of Arterial Gas Embolism that affects the heart?

Cardiac arrest Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk factor for Decompression Sickness?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for gas trapping that can lead to pulmonary barotrauma?

Pneumothorax Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of overtraining?

An accumulation of training and non-training stress in short term decrement in performance capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of patients with severe Decompression Sickness who receive treatment?

75% will become completely asymptomatic Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by joint pains and paralysis?

Caisson Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of overtraining?

Increased fatigue despite adequate recovery time Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Henry's Law?

The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method of preventing overtraining?

Adequate sleep, rest, and nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an athlete journal?

To track enjoyment and coping mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the time it takes to exhaustion during constant velocity?

Time to exhaustion Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of overreaching?

Rapid recovery with rest typically within 2-3 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between functional and non-functional overreaching?

Duration of recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cross-training in unrelated activities during overreaching?

To maintain cardiovascular fitness Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take to recover from overtraining?

6-12 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of non-functional overreaching?

No long-term gain, but negative effects outweigh positives Signup and view all the answers

What is the common factor between overreaching and overtraining?

Accumulation of training and non-training stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of anabolic agents on the body?

Anabolic effect Signup and view all the answers

Which method is known for the introduction of new genes in gene doping?

Using viruses as delivery vehicles for new genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with erythropoietin analogues?

Thickened blood leading to blood clots and strokes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with homologous blood doping?

Jaundice and circulatory overload Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gene doping, what is the primary role of DNA as a vector?

Delivering new genes to tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are the main risks associated with the blood passport program?

Increased risk of metabolic deregulations Signup and view all the answers

Which category of supplements is most commonly contaminated with unlisted substances?

Herbal supplements Signup and view all the answers

What can consuming meat from certain regions lead to for athletes?

Unintentional doping of Clenbuterol Signup and view all the answers

What is RED-S as related to athletes?

Relative energy deficiency causing physiological impairments Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk specifically highlighted regarding unapproved pharmaceuticals in supplements?

Food adulteration Signup and view all the answers

Module 1: Understanding Randomized Controlled Trials in Sports Medicine

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of heat loss during exercise when the body is in contact with a cold substance?

What is the best way to prevent heat loss through conduction?

What is the primary method of heat loss during exercise when the body is not in contact with a cold substance?

What is the term for the transmission of heat energy from a source?

What is the primary method of heat loss through sweating?

What is the condition characterized by a serum or plasma sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L?

What is the term for the superficial and deep freezing of the tissues?

What is the primary goal of acclimatization to heat?

What is the recommended treatment for hypothermia?

What is the term for the occurrence of hyponatremia during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity?

What is the main advantage of a crossover design in a study?

What is the primary difference between asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB)?

What is the main benefit of a meta-analysis in evidence-based sport medicine?

What is the main limitation of a cross-sectional survey in evidence-based sport medicine?

What is the primary benefit of having a good warm-up before exercise in individuals with exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB)?

What is the main difference between EILO and asthma?

What is the effect of diesel exhaust and traffic-related air pollution on cardiovascular health?

What is the effect of ozone exposure on lung function during exercise?

What is a key strategy to reduce the effects of pollution during exercise?

What is the main benefit of a hybrid laboratory/ambient model in pollution research?

What is the main reason for the significant decrease in aerobic capacity at altitude?

What is the primary advantage of cohort studies over RCTs?

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of heat loss?

What is the main difference between functional and structural blood flow limitations?

What is EIB, and what are the symptoms?

What is the definition of doping in the context of athletic competition?

What is the primary reason why athletes may dope?

What are the two categories of frostbite based on severity?

What is the primary mechanism by which exercise can cause EIB in susceptible individuals?

What is the term for the condition in which an athlete feels 'tired' and 'down', and is not interested in training or school?

What is the primary purpose of making decompression stops during a dive?

What percentage of energy expenditure is accounted for by basal metabolic rate?

What type of diving equipment does not capture the breath exhaled by the diver?

What is the term used to describe the health consequences of relative energy deficiency in sport?

What is the primary goal of treatment for RED-S?

What is the term for the type of injury that can occur when a diver fails to equalize the air space in their mask during descent?

What type of diving is commonly used for working on underwater structures and takes a longer period of time?

What is the law that states that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature?

What happens to the volume of air in a bucket as it is lowered to 10m of depth?

What is the reason for not holding your breath while diving?

What is the condition characterized by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to a blackout?

What is the primary purpose of a rebreather in diving?

What is the term used to describe the feeling of needing to breathe when the carbon dioxide level in the blood reaches a certain threshold?

What is the effect of reducing the amount of CO2 in the blood through hyperventilation before a dive?

What is the term used to describe the passing out while underwater, often leading to drowning or other serious consequences?

What is the primary method of assessing the risk of RED-S in athletes?

What is the primary cause of Decompression Sickness?

What is the term that encompasses both Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism?

What is the cause of blood to extravasate to squeeze outside the vessels into the sclera of the eye?

What is the recommended treatment for Decompression Sickness?

What is the condition characterized by airway obstruction, which can lead to gas trapping and pulmonary barotrauma?

Who is most at risk of experiencing ear squeeze?

What is the characteristic appearance of the sinus in a sinus squeeze?

What is the recommended treatment for Immersion Pulmonary Edema?

What is the primary function of the sinus?

What is the symptom of Arterial Gas Embolism that affects the heart?

What is the risk factor for Decompression Sickness?

What is the term for gas trapping that can lead to pulmonary barotrauma?

What is the definition of overtraining?

What is the outcome of patients with severe Decompression Sickness who receive treatment?

What is the condition characterized by joint pains and paralysis?

What is the primary symptom of overtraining?

What is the principle behind Henry's Law?

What is the recommended method of preventing overtraining?

What is the primary purpose of an athlete journal?

What is the term for the time it takes to exhaustion during constant velocity?

What is a characteristic of overreaching?

What is the primary difference between functional and non-functional overreaching?

What is the purpose of cross-training in unrelated activities during overreaching?

How long does it typically take to recover from overtraining?

What is the result of non-functional overreaching?

What is the common factor between overreaching and overtraining?

What is the main effect of anabolic agents on the body?

Which method is known for the introduction of new genes in gene doping?

What is the primary risk associated with erythropoietin analogues?

What is a common risk associated with homologous blood doping?