82 Questions
What is the primary method of heat loss during exercise when the body is in contact with a cold substance?
Conduction
What is the best way to prevent heat loss through conduction?
Insulation
What is the primary method of heat loss during exercise when the body is not in contact with a cold substance?
Convection
What is the term for the transmission of heat energy from a source?
Radiation
What is the primary method of heat loss through sweating?
Evaporation
What is the condition characterized by a serum or plasma sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L?
Hyponatremia
What is the term for the superficial and deep freezing of the tissues?
Frostbite
What is the primary goal of acclimatization to heat?
To optimize performance
What is the recommended treatment for hypothermia?
Remove cold and wet conditions, and provide insulation
What is the term for the occurrence of hyponatremia during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity?
Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia
What is the main advantage of a crossover design in a study?
It reduces sample size
What is the primary difference between asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB)?
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, while EIB is an intermittent condition
What is the main benefit of a meta-analysis in evidence-based sport medicine?
It is a cheap and simple study design
What is the main limitation of a cross-sectional survey in evidence-based sport medicine?
It only establishes associations between disease and risk factors
What is the primary benefit of having a good warm-up before exercise in individuals with exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB)?
It minimizes the impact of EIB during subsequent exercise
What is the main difference between EILO and asthma?
EILO is a problem breathing in, while asthma is a problem breathing out
What is the effect of diesel exhaust and traffic-related air pollution on cardiovascular health?
It increases the risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke
What is the effect of ozone exposure on lung function during exercise?
It consistently worsens lung function
What is a key strategy to reduce the effects of pollution during exercise?
Avoiding exercise during peak pollution hours
What is the main benefit of a hybrid laboratory/ambient model in pollution research?
It provides a realistic pollution exposure with controlled conditions
What is the main reason for the significant decrease in aerobic capacity at altitude?
Changes in air pressure and oxygen availability
What is the primary advantage of cohort studies over RCTs?
Ethically safer and easier to conduct
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of heat loss?
Insulation
What is the main difference between functional and structural blood flow limitations?
Only occurs during exercise vs. chronic limitation
What is EIB, and what are the symptoms?
Exercise-induced bronchospasm, symptoms: wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing
What is the definition of doping in the context of athletic competition?
The use of prohibited substances or methods to enhance athletic performance
What is the primary reason why athletes may dope?
To gain a competitive advantage
What are the two categories of frostbite based on severity?
Superficial and deep
What is the primary mechanism by which exercise can cause EIB in susceptible individuals?
Transient airway narrowing
What is the term for the condition in which an athlete feels 'tired' and 'down', and is not interested in training or school?
Overtraining syndrome
What is the primary purpose of making decompression stops during a dive?
To off-gas the extra nitrogen
What percentage of energy expenditure is accounted for by basal metabolic rate?
70%
What type of diving equipment does not capture the breath exhaled by the diver?
Scuba diving
What is the term used to describe the health consequences of relative energy deficiency in sport?
RED-S
What is the primary goal of treatment for RED-S?
To restore or normalize body weight
What is the term for the type of injury that can occur when a diver fails to equalize the air space in their mask during descent?
Mask squeeze
What type of diving is commonly used for working on underwater structures and takes a longer period of time?
Commercial diving
What is the law that states that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature?
Boyle's Law
What happens to the volume of air in a bucket as it is lowered to 10m of depth?
It is halved
What is the reason for not holding your breath while diving?
To avoid the expansion of the lungs
What is the condition characterized by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to a blackout?
Hypocapnia
What is the primary purpose of a rebreather in diving?
To capture the breath exhaled by the diver
What is the term used to describe the feeling of needing to breathe when the carbon dioxide level in the blood reaches a certain threshold?
Respiratory drive
What is the effect of reducing the amount of CO2 in the blood through hyperventilation before a dive?
It reduces the urge to breathe
What is the term used to describe the passing out while underwater, often leading to drowning or other serious consequences?
Shallow water blackout
What is the primary method of assessing the risk of RED-S in athletes?
RED-S CAT
What is the primary cause of Decompression Sickness?
Formation of bubbles of inert gases in the bloodstream
What is the term that encompasses both Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism?
Decompression Illness
What is the cause of blood to extravasate to squeeze outside the vessels into the sclera of the eye?
Pressure differential between the inside of the scuba diving mask and the ambient pressure
What is the recommended treatment for Decompression Sickness?
Oxygen therapy and emergency evacuation
What is the condition characterized by airway obstruction, which can lead to gas trapping and pulmonary barotrauma?
Asthma
Who is most at risk of experiencing ear squeeze?
People with upper respiratory tract infection
What is the characteristic appearance of the sinus in a sinus squeeze?
Gray balloons
What is the recommended treatment for Immersion Pulmonary Edema?
Medication to reduce pulmonary artery pressure
What is the primary function of the sinus?
To make the skull lighter
What is the symptom of Arterial Gas Embolism that affects the heart?
Cardiac arrest
What is the risk factor for Decompression Sickness?
All of the above
What is the term for gas trapping that can lead to pulmonary barotrauma?
Pneumothorax
What is the definition of overtraining?
An accumulation of training and non-training stress in short term decrement in performance capacity
What is the outcome of patients with severe Decompression Sickness who receive treatment?
75% will become completely asymptomatic
What is the condition characterized by joint pains and paralysis?
Caisson Disease
What is the primary symptom of overtraining?
Increased fatigue despite adequate recovery time
What is the principle behind Henry's Law?
The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas
What is the recommended method of preventing overtraining?
Adequate sleep, rest, and nutrition
What is the primary purpose of an athlete journal?
To track enjoyment and coping mechanisms
What is the term for the time it takes to exhaustion during constant velocity?
Time to exhaustion
What is a characteristic of overreaching?
Rapid recovery with rest typically within 2-3 weeks
What is the primary difference between functional and non-functional overreaching?
Duration of recovery
What is the purpose of cross-training in unrelated activities during overreaching?
To maintain cardiovascular fitness
How long does it typically take to recover from overtraining?
6-12 weeks
What is the result of non-functional overreaching?
No long-term gain, but negative effects outweigh positives
What is the common factor between overreaching and overtraining?
Accumulation of training and non-training stress
What is the main effect of anabolic agents on the body?
Anabolic effect
Which method is known for the introduction of new genes in gene doping?
Using viruses as delivery vehicles for new genes
What is the primary risk associated with erythropoietin analogues?
Thickened blood leading to blood clots and strokes
What is a common risk associated with homologous blood doping?
Jaundice and circulatory overload
In the context of gene doping, what is the primary role of DNA as a vector?
Delivering new genes to tissues
What are the main risks associated with the blood passport program?
Increased risk of metabolic deregulations
Which category of supplements is most commonly contaminated with unlisted substances?
Herbal supplements
What can consuming meat from certain regions lead to for athletes?
Unintentional doping of Clenbuterol
What is RED-S as related to athletes?
Relative energy deficiency causing physiological impairments
What is a risk specifically highlighted regarding unapproved pharmaceuticals in supplements?
Food adulteration
Learn about Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT), an experimental study design commonly used in sports medicine research. Discover the advantages of RCTs such as unbiased distribution of confounders and the disadvantages including high cost and volunteer bias.
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