Preliminary: Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

Study Notes

STS examines the relationships between science, technology, and society, highlighting their mutual influence.
Key concepts include:
- Science: Systematic investigation of the natural world.
- Technology: Application of scientific knowledge to create solutions for human problems.
- Society: Structured community of individuals sharing values and institutions.
Technology's dual nature can lead to advancements as well as ethical challenges and unintended consequences.

Science is a structured body of knowledge derived from observation, study, and experimentation.
Scientific Method involves:
- Identifying a question to investigate.
- Conducting background research to gather information.
- Formulating a testable hypothesis.
- Designing experiments to test the hypothesis.
Scientific Attitudes:
- Honesty in data accuracy.
- Open-mindedness towards new ideas.
- Creative and critical thinking for new solutions.
- Curiosity in seeking knowledge.
- Persistence in overcoming challenges.
- Objectivity in drawing conclusions based on evidence.
- Precision in measurements and observations.
- Responsibility for ethical implications of research.
- Collaboration to achieve common goals.

Technology applies scientific knowledge to create tools and processes for problem-solving and improving lives.
The primary goal of technology is survival, enhancing human adaptation and well-being.
Often referred to as "craft science," technology involves applying skills and techniques to create goods and services.

Society consists of individuals in a structured community with shared beliefs and institutions.
Humans are inherently social beings, with society essential for survival and growth.
Cooperation among individuals is vital for meeting needs and achieving collective goals.
Society plays a key role in the cultural transmission of values to future generations.

These three domains are interconnected, influencing each other significantly.
- Scientific discoveries drive technological innovation.
- Technology impacts societal values and practices.
- Societal needs and values shape scientific inquiry and technological progress.
Historical examples:
- Industrial Revolution: Scientific advancements led to technological innovations that transformed society.
- Information Age: Rise of computers and the internet profoundly influenced societal structures and interactions.
STS as a field addresses ethical, social, and environmental concerns arising from technological developments.

Mechanized agriculture has transformed farming, enhancing efficiency and sustainability.
Technological innovations in various fields lead to improved quality of life and environmental benefits.