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Questions and Answers
What role does social support play in the relationship between self-esteem and academic success?
What role does social support play in the relationship between self-esteem and academic success?
In the context of path models, which term is used to refer to variables with no explicit causes?
In the context of path models, which term is used to refer to variables with no explicit causes?
Which of the following assumptions is NOT required for mediation analysis?
Which of the following assumptions is NOT required for mediation analysis?
What is the first step in conducting a simple mediation analysis?
What is the first step in conducting a simple mediation analysis?
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How is the indirect effect calculated in mediation analysis?
How is the indirect effect calculated in mediation analysis?
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Which type of variable in a regression model is causally affected by other variables?
Which type of variable in a regression model is causally affected by other variables?
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What does the term 'linearity' refer to in the assumptions of mediation analysis?
What does the term 'linearity' refer to in the assumptions of mediation analysis?
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What is typically tested to determine the significance of the indirect effect in mediation analysis?
What is typically tested to determine the significance of the indirect effect in mediation analysis?
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What is the first step in testing for mediation according to the described process?
What is the first step in testing for mediation according to the described process?
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In the context of mediation, what characterizes an indirect effect?
In the context of mediation, what characterizes an indirect effect?
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Which type of mediation indicates that the IV has both significant direct and indirect effects on the DV?
Which type of mediation indicates that the IV has both significant direct and indirect effects on the DV?
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What should be confirmed about the relationship between the IV and DV when the mediator is present in the model?
What should be confirmed about the relationship between the IV and DV when the mediator is present in the model?
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What does full mediation predict regarding the direct effect of the IV on the DV?
What does full mediation predict regarding the direct effect of the IV on the DV?
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What is the significance of confirming the relationship between the mediator and the DV in the presence of the IV?
What is the significance of confirming the relationship between the mediator and the DV in the presence of the IV?
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To establish a robust mediation effect, what must happen to the direct effect of the IV on the DV?
To establish a robust mediation effect, what must happen to the direct effect of the IV on the DV?
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Which statement about indirect effects in mediation is true?
Which statement about indirect effects in mediation is true?
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What type of analysis is used when both the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are continuous?
What type of analysis is used when both the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are continuous?
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What is the first step in moderation analysis?
What is the first step in moderation analysis?
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What is required for mediation to occur?
What is required for mediation to occur?
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In the example given, what does 'X' represent?
In the example given, what does 'X' represent?
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What type of regression should be used when the dependent variable is categorical?
What type of regression should be used when the dependent variable is categorical?
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In a path diagram, what do the arrows represent?
In a path diagram, what do the arrows represent?
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If the interaction effect is found to be non-significant, what does this imply?
If the interaction effect is found to be non-significant, what does this imply?
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Which statement is true regarding the role of a mediator?
Which statement is true regarding the role of a mediator?
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What does the moderating variable affect in moderation analysis?
What does the moderating variable affect in moderation analysis?
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What happens to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable when the mediator is added to the model?
What happens to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable when the mediator is added to the model?
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What distinguishes mediation from moderation?
What distinguishes mediation from moderation?
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Which of these statistical steps is performed if the interaction effect is significant?
Which of these statistical steps is performed if the interaction effect is significant?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for conducting moderation analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for conducting moderation analysis?
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In which scenario would you prefer to use mediation analysis?
In which scenario would you prefer to use mediation analysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a condition for establishing mediation?
Which of the following is NOT a condition for establishing mediation?
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What is a standardized regression coefficient (beta) in the context of a path diagram?
What is a standardized regression coefficient (beta) in the context of a path diagram?
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What is indicated by the concept of full mediation?
What is indicated by the concept of full mediation?
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Which step is NOT part of Baron and Kenny's four-step approach for testing mediation?
Which step is NOT part of Baron and Kenny's four-step approach for testing mediation?
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In the example provided, what is the role of 'Anger Out'?
In the example provided, what is the role of 'Anger Out'?
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What conclusion can be drawn if the direct effect of Control-In on Anger Expression is found to be insignificant with the mediator present?
What conclusion can be drawn if the direct effect of Control-In on Anger Expression is found to be insignificant with the mediator present?
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What is essential for completing the mediation reporting results correctly?
What is essential for completing the mediation reporting results correctly?
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Which of these describes the relationship structure of mediation?
Which of these describes the relationship structure of mediation?
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What occurs when the mediator is not taken into account in the effect of X on Y?
What occurs when the mediator is not taken into account in the effect of X on Y?
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Which statement correctly summarizes the findings when mediation is partially indicated?
Which statement correctly summarizes the findings when mediation is partially indicated?
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Study Notes
Moderation Analysis
- Requires an independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), and moderating variable (MV)
- IV and DV must be continuous, MV can be continuous or categorical
- If IV is categorical, use ANOVA
- If DV is categorical, use logistic regression
Moderation Analysis Steps
- Step 1: Estimate the interaction effect.
- Step 2: Conduct a statistical inference test.
- Step 3: If the interaction is significant, probe the interaction by doing a simple slopes analysis.
Moderation Analysis in Jamovi
- Click on "+ Modules" and search for "medmod".
Possible Conclusions for Moderation Analysis
- Main Effects are Present: The significant simple slopes indicate a meaningful relationship between the predictor (IV) and outcome (DV) at different levels of the moderator. This means the IV consistently affects the DV, regardless of the moderator.
- Lack of Interaction: The non-significant interaction effect implies the relationship between the IV and DV doesn't change significantly across different levels of the moderator.
Mediation Analysis
- Examines causal hypotheses where an initial variable (IV) influences an outcome variable (DV) through a mediating variable (M).
- This is a causal chain where IV affects M, which in turn affects DV.
- A variable is considered a mediator if it carries the influence of the IV onto the DV.
- For mediation to occur, the following must be true:
- IV significantly affects M.
- IV significantly affects DV in the absence of M.
- M has a significant unique effect on DV.
- The effect of IV on DV shrinks upon the addition of M to the model.
Mediation Analysis: Path Diagrams
- Each arrow in a path diagram represents a causal relationship between two variables, with an assigned coefficient or weight.
- These coefficients are standardized regression coefficients (betas) showing the direction and magnitude of the effect of one variable on the other.
Summary of Moderation and Mediation
- Used to explore interrelationships among three variables.
- If only two variables are being studied, a simple correlation or linear regression can be used instead.
- Mediation and moderation are tests of association, specifically designed to answer particular questions.
- Both require a theory, model, or principle.
Mediation Concepts
- Exogenous Variable: A variable that has no explicit causes within the model (no arrows pointing to it). This is the independent variable.
- Endogenous Variable: A variable that is causally affected by other variables in the model (has arrows pointing to it). This is the dependent variable.
- From a regression standpoint, an equation should be fitted for every endogenous variable in the model.
Mediation Analysis Assumptions
- Continuous Measurements: All variables should be measured on a continuous scale.
- Normality: All variables should follow a normal distribution.
- Independence: The errors associated with one observation should not be correlated with the errors of any other observation.
- Linearity: Relationships among variables should be linear.
Simple Mediation Analysis Steps
-
Step 1: Estimate direct and indirect effects using regression analysis.
- Direct Effect: Path C
- Indirect Effect (or Mediation Effect): Path a x Path b
- Step 2: Conduct a statistical inference test (p-value) by performing a significance test for the indirect effect or by calculating a bootstrap confidence interval.
Testing for Mediation: Baron and Kenny (1986) Approach
- A four-step approach:
- Step 1: Confirm the significance of the relationship between the initial IV and DV (X → Y).
- Step 2: Confirm the significance of the relationship between the initial IV and the mediator (X → M).
- Step 3: Confirm the significance of the relationship between the mediator and the DV in the presence of the IV (M|X → Y).
- Step 4: Confirm the insignificance (or meaningful reduction) of the relationship between the initial IV and the DV in the presence of the mediator (X|M → Y).
Three Main Types of Mediation
- Indirect Effect: Predicts no direct effect from X to Y. X directly affects the mediator, and the mediator directly affects Y. This hypothesis can only be supported if the direct effect of X to Y is insignificant before testing for indirect effects.
- Partial Mediation: Predicts significant direct and indirect effects from X to Y. The unmediated relationship is significant, as well as the X to the mediator and mediator to Y relationships.
- Full Mediation: Predicts that the direct effect of X to Y will be significant only if the mediator is absent. When the mediator is present, this direct effect becomes insignificant, while the indirect effect is significant.
Reporting Mediation Analysis Results
- Use a table to present the results.
- Explain the total effect of the IV on the DV.
- Describe the effect of the IV on the DV with the mediator included.
- Report the indirect effect of the IV on the DV through the mediator.
- State whether the relationship between the IV and DV is fully, partially, or not mediated.
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Description
This quiz explores the key concepts and steps involved in moderation analysis, including the roles of independent, dependent, and moderating variables. It covers necessary statistical tests and provides guidance on performing analysis using Jamovi. Test your understanding of moderation analysis fundamentals.
