Mixed Methods Research In Policing
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Mixed Methods Research In Policing

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main goals of using research methods in sociological inquiry?

  • Promoting popular beliefs
  • Enumeration and description (correct)
  • Ignoring marginalized groups
  • Influencing society

    • Which goal involves showing that popular belief or common sense is wrong?

  • Debunking (correct)
  • Explanation
  • Social justice
  • Prediction

    • What does the goal of explanation in sociological research methods focus on?

  • Ignoring marginalized groups
  • Influencing society
  • Creating theories about the world (correct)
  • Encouraging popular beliefs

    • Which goal involves seeking to understand the experiences of marginalized and oppressed social groups?

    <p>Social justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a goal that involves determining how well one strategy will achieve its goal and at what cost?

    <p>Prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research method focuses on finding out how much one variable affects another?

    <p>Experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason sociologists aim to uncover and remove inequalities?

    <p>Contribute to social justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for researchers to conduct a literature review before starting a study?

    <p>To understand previous studies in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of identifying a research gap in sociological inquiry?

    <p>To highlight areas where more research is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it particularly important for researchers to explain how their study will contribute to knowledge?

    <p>To justify the time and resources invested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can researchers find resources for conducting a literature review?

    <p>Academic library catalogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for a researcher to gain an understanding of previous studies before starting their own project?

    <p>To identify research gaps and formulate meaningful questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesis in quantitative research?

    <p>A prediction or assumption about the relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of approach is the quantitative research method based on?

    <p>Deductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a positive correlation, how do variables behave?

    <p>Increase together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two mandates of public sociology?

    <p>Studying public questions and engaging with the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of reliability in research?

    <p>Consistency and reproducibility of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the unequal distribution of knowledge resources a challenge for some sociologists?

    <p>It limits the ability to contribute to scholarly discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to establish validity in research?

    <p>To ensure accurate representation of concepts or measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do open educational resources benefit sociologists in underserviced regions?

    <p>By providing unlimited access to a variety of learning materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative correlation indicate?

    <p>Decrease in one variable when the other increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does social media play in the context of public sociology?

    <p>Facilitating engagement with a global audience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high level of reliability suggest about research findings?

    <p>The findings can be consistently reproduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of statistics in quantitative research?

    <p>Analyze, interpret, and present numerical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a strong positive correlation between two variables suggest?

    <p>As one variable increases, the other consistently increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do initiatives such as open educational resources contribute to global public sociology?

    <p>By promoting knowledge equity and accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of reliability is important for researchers to ensure their findings are dependable?

    <p>Consistency of results across different studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the guiding principles important in the formulation of a research question?

    <p>Feasibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research design define?

    <p>The study type, research question, variables, data collection methods, and analysis plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do sociologists find operationalizing abstract theoretical concepts challenging?

    <p>Because operationalization involves measuring and comparing abstract concepts which are difficult to define precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for researchers to carefully justify their decisions on data collection methods?

    <p>To ensure ethical considerations and a good fit with the research problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates quantitative approaches from qualitative ones in terms of data obtained?

    <p>Quantitative approaches use numerical values from surveys, while qualitative approaches rely on images and videos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily used by researchers to measure variables like the number of doctors in a community?

    <p>Operationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is clarity important in formulating a research question?

    <p>To facilitate clear communication and understanding of the research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a good research design?

    <p>Integrated components including study type, variables, data collection methods, and analysis plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for using a mixed methods approach in research?

    <p>To combine strengths of different data collection and analysis approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as the single-most important merit of data triangulation in mixed methods research?

    <p>Determining the validity of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Creswell (2013), when are mixed methods designs called for?

    <p>When quantitative work alone cannot provide insights into a research problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to conduct mixed methods research?

    <p>Due to the time-consuming nature and drawing on different methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the peer review process in academia?

    <p>To evaluate the merits of the research question, design, and provide feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some challenges of mixed methods research?

    <p>Having extensive notes to formalize before sharing findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes public sociology unique?

    <p>It concerns itself with how sociology can impact society both locally and globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical importance of public sociology according to Herbert Gans?

    <p>Creating linkages between academia and the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some popular venues for sociologists to present their work according to the text?

    <p>The International Sociological Association, American Sociological Association, and Canadian Sociological Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative forms do scholarly communications take today?

    <p>From blog posts to tweets and more, there are various alternative forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one concern highlighted by Walter and Andersen (2013) regarding the use of quantitative research in policy-making?

    <p>It focuses on broad macrolevel patterns, missing the complexity of everyday life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a policy recommendation based on statistical data to reduce alcohol consumption?

    <p>Increasing alcohol pricing based on alcohol content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do qualitative researchers use triangulation in their studies?

    <p>To compare and contrast data from different sources for a better understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of qualitative research according to the text?

    <p>To develop new theories from gathered data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is saturation in qualitative research?

    <p>The point when no new insights are gained from additional data analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method does qualitative research often use instead of relying on numbers and graphs?

    <p>Interviews and narratives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Walter and Andersen (2013) criticize about the way quantitative methods understand Indigenous Peoples?

    <p>'Documentation of difference, deficit, and dysfunction'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do qualitative researchers use triangulation in their studies?

    <p>To compare and contrast data from different sources for a better understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches in research?

    <p>Cross-sectional approaches focus on one point in time, while longitudinal approaches consider change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is conflict theory highlighted as using methods that uncover inequalities and conflict among social groups?

    <p>To address the role of power imbalances and social injustices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does feminism's standpoint theory contribute to understanding how different positions influence our perception of the world?

    <p>By examining how individuals' social locations shape their perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of functionalism when investigating structural change over time?

    <p>Studying how institutions evolve and contribute to stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers practicing conflict theory critically reflect and question their own role in the research process?

    <p>To acknowledge potential biases that may influence their findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Rankin and Campbell (2009) use to investigate the social organization of health care in Canada?

    <p>Ethnographic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do functionalists primarily describe changes in institutions like families over time?

    <p>Quantitative data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociological perspective focuses on how meanings are created and contested through social interaction?

    <p>Symbolic interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Garfinkel's ethnomethodology approach focus on understanding social situations?

    <p>By studying people's everyday explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of survey research as described in the text?

    <p>To gather systematic information on a topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of participant observation as a qualitative research method?

    <p>Observing and participating in social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do symbolic interactionists primarily study how people understand the world around them?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of symbolic interactionism?

    <p>Exploring the role of symbols in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociological perspective aims to better understand inequalities related to access to resources, power, and privilege?

    <p>Conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Dorothy E. Smith's work originate?

    <p>From her participation in the women's movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does standpoint theory propose?

    <p>To view the world from different social locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does conflict theory influence research methodologies?

    <p>By encouraging critical reflection on the research process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do large-scale feminist studies often reveal?

    <p>Gendered imbalances in pay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal behind Marx's 'A Workers' Inquiry' 100 questions?

    <p>To serve as a way to document worker exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Institutional ethnography' aims to uncover what within an institution?

    <p>The daily experiences of individuals interacting with it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Standpoint theory' proposes that individuals view the world differently based on what factors?

    <p>Their ethnic background, social status, and class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of methods drawing from conflict theory perspective?

    <p>Emphasizing lived experiences of marginalized groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary strength of survey research mentioned in the text?

    <p>Standardized questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers often opt for alternative sampling strategies instead of the ideal stratified random sample?

    <p>Cost considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major weakness of survey research according to the text?

    <p>Limited participant opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are self-administered questionnaires typically designed in survey research?

    <p>Pre-written set of questions with no researcher present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do online surveys have over paper and telephone surveys?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common drawback associated with online surveys according to the text?

    <p>Participants completing surveys multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Census of Population in Canada?

    <p>Planning services for Canadians and Indigenous people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is validity of findings directly linked to the sampling strategy in survey research?

    <p>To draw accurate conclusions about the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates ethnography from survey research as a data collection method?

    <p>Observing behaviors in a natural setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Statistics Canada's efforts as described in Box 2.3?

    <p>Ensuring full enumeration of Indigenous people in Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the National Household Survey which is part of the census program described in the text?

    <p>Collecting basic demographic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Statistics Canada use a combination of online, paper, and telephone surveys according to the text?

    <p>To ensure data accuracy across different populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges do Indigenous people living in urban areas face in participating in census activities according to the text?

    <p>Historical distrust of the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Statistics Canada's dataset unique compared to other surveys according to the text?

    <p>The size of the sample from which data is collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Statistics Canada aim to involve Indigenous communities that are off-reserve or outside northern/Inuit communities in the census?

    <p>By using the long-form census questionnaire administered in person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the first part of the census from the National Household Survey?

    <p>The level of detail in the information gathered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do trained researchers play in researcher-administered questionnaires according to the text?

    <p>They act as intermediaries between respondents and interviewers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of field research, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>High validity from observing people in natural settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario can field research's advantages turn into detriments?

    <p>When researchers have preconceived notions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the combination of an interview guide and flexibility contribute to the quality of qualitative data?

    <p>Facilitates reliable and comparable qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it noted that field research is not restrictive?

    <p>Because it aims to collect data from multiple sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a computer to analyze survey responses?

    <p>Enhances accuracy and simplifies data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must human interviewers be chosen and trained carefully?

    <p>To avoid unintentionally influencing respondents' answers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of in-person surveys compared to other methods?

    <p>They can be more expensive due to interviewer costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do interviews differ from questionnaires as data collection methods?

    <p>Interviews allow participants to provide opinions in their own words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes semistructured interviews from unstructured interviews?

    <p>Semistructured interviews integrate structured benefits and allow new leads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of the study involving aging Canadians and walking routines?

    <p>To understand how walking spaces influence seniors' activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do semistructured interviews benefit researchers compared to unstructured interviews?

    <p>They allow for tailoring questions based on participant responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does coding play in the context of open-ended survey questions?

    <p>It helps in categorizing responses for data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are semistructured interviews deemed efficient for exploring specific topics?

    <p>They allow researchers to follow new leads based on responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between participant observation and ethnography?

    <p>The time frame of the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the situation where participants modify their behavior because they know they are being observed?

    <p>Reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ethnographers from researchers using other approaches?

    <p>The depth of immersion in the setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of gaining insight in ethnographic research?

    <p>Field notes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of participant observation?

    <p>To understand and become familiar with customs and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ethnographers ensure a personal understanding of the setting they are studying?

    <p>By immersing themselves in the setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of Alice Goffman's ethnographic work in Chicago?

    <p>Exploring the impact of mass incarceration and policing on low-income African American inner-city communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did critics find controversial about Alice Goffman's research strategy?

    <p>Her lack of validation of facts by including perspectives from all sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the disadvantages associated with taking a covert role in research?

    <p>The potential for deception and feelings of betrayal among participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Alice Goffman obscure her role as a researcher in her ethnographic work?

    <p>By adopting various behaviors associated with the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did critics believe about Alice Goffman's willingness to be a passive witness or coparticipant in crimes committed by those she studied?

    <p>It blurred ethical lines and boundaries of research conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the critical aspect that researchers need to consider in negotiating access to different social groups for research purposes?

    <p>The cultural sensitivities of the community being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for researchers to establish a relationship with the community they are studying?

    <p>To conduct ethical research and understand cultural sensitivities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Alice Goffman's research strategy differ from traditional ethnographic approaches?

    <p>By befriending and immersing herself in the community she studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central concern raised by critics regarding Alice Goffman's lack of validation of facts in her research?

    <p>The credibility of possible rumors or myths becoming accepted as truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

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