Questions and Answers
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
The chromosomes must be duplicated.
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
Prophase
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Metaphase
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
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The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
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At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called __________.
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During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form?
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During cell division, what role do centrosomes play?
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Which of the following statements regarding the cell cycle control system is false? (Select all that apply)
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The most common type of cancer is a __________; this type always originates in tissues that line organs.
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An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have __________.
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__________ is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.
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A __________ __________ is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading through the body.
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A __________ __________ is a lump of abnormal cells that, although growing out of control, remains at its original site.
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Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following indicates Turner syndrome?
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Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics are called?
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What happens to a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?
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What is the typical result when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?
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During anaphase II, what occurs?
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A karyotype is most like?
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Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as?
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A __________ is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual.
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A __________ is one particular variation of a character.
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A genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character is called a?
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Most human genes come in alternate versions called?
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If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the ____________ allele.
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If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the ___________ allele.
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The physical traits of an organism are called its?
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The __________ is the genetic makeup of an organism.
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Mendel's principle of independent assortment applies to the?
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What is the expected genotype of a rescued black striped cat mated with a brown marbled cat?
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DdEe pea plants can produce how many type(s) of gametes?
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What proportion of the offspring from the cross PpRr × PpRr are expected to have white flowers and wrinkled seeds?
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What are the expected blood group genotypes for two individuals who decide to have children?
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What are the chances that Justin and Brittany's son Theodore has type A blood?
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What is the pattern of color expression in a finch species that results from mating a homozygous orange beak with a homozygous ivory beak?
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What are the expected genotypes of the parents in the blood group scenario?
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Study Notes
Mitosis Overview
- Cell division begins with chromosome duplication during interphase.
- Prophase marks the start of mitosis with centrosomes moving apart and the breakdown of the nuclear envelope.
- In metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
- Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating and moving to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase concludes mitosis, with chromosomes reaching the poles and nuclear envelopes forming around the new nuclei.
- Cytokinesis, the division of cytoplasm, follows the mitotic phase, ensuring separation into two daughter cells.
Cell Cycle Control
- The cell cycle control system integrates signals from inside and outside the cell, determining division timing.
- Disruption of this system can lead to uncontrolled growth, resulting in cancer.
- Three critical checkpoints regulate the progression through the cell cycle.
Cancer and Tumors
- Carcinomas are the most prevalent cancer type, originating in the internal tissue lining.
- Malignant tumors indicate the presence of cancer, characterized by uncontrolled growth.
- Benign tumors are abnormal cell groups that remain localized and do not invade other tissues.
- Metastasis describes the spread of cancer cells to distant body sites.
Genetic Variations in Reproduction
- Genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms primarily arises from random fertilization, crossing over, and independent orientation during meiosis.
- Turner syndrome is identified by the XO chromosomal pattern.
Chromosome and Gene Definitions
- Homologous chromosomes carry similar genetic information regarding inherited traits.
- A karyotype provides a visual arrangement of chromosomes for analytical purposes.
- True-breeding plants produce offspring identical to themselves through self-fertilization.
Genetic Terminology
- Characters are inherited features, while traits refer to individual variations of those characters.
- Monohybrid crosses involve one contrasting character, while most human genes exist in alternate forms called alleles.
- Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles when both are present.
Inheritance Patterns
- Phenotype represents the observable traits, while genotype denotes the organism's genetic composition.
- Mendel’s principle of independent assortment explains how alleles for different genes are distributed independently into gametes.
- Offspring from specific genetic crosses can often be predicted using Punnett squares.
Additional Insights on Blood Groups
- Blood type inheritance demonstrates codominance, with potential parent genotypes indicating specific probabilities for offspring blood types.
- Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of heterozygous offspring expresses a blend of parental traits, as seen in certain finch beak colorings.
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Description
Test your understanding of the stages of mitosis with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential concepts including the duplication of chromosomes and the phases of mitosis. Use these cards to reinforce your knowledge and prepare for deeper studies in cell biology.
