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Questions and Answers
What is a potential consequence of excessive phosphorus intake?
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is a characteristic of magnesium deficiency?
What is the primary function of sodium in the body?
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What is a common source of sodium in the diet?
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What is a potential consequence of sodium deficiency?
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What is a characteristic of phosphorus toxicity?
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What is a characteristic of magnesium toxicity?
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What affects the absorption of minerals?
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What is the effect of excess iron on zinc absorption?
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What is the role of selenium, manganese, and zinc in the body?
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What is the concern with excess intake of minerals?
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What is the classification of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium?
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Why are patients with biliary stones advised not to eat tomatoes?
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What is the effect of malabsorption of lipids on calcium absorption?
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What is the common problem often affecting women and young children throughout the world?
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What is a risk factor for heart disease and stroke associated with excessive sodium intake in the diet?
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What is the main function of potassium in the body?
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Which of the following foods is a rich source of potassium?
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What is a potential consequence of potassium deficiency?
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What is the main function of chloride in the body?
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What is the role of the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger in the body?
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What is the role of chloride in CO2 transport to the lungs?
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What is a potential consequence of excessive potassium intake?
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What is the primary function of calcium in the body?
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What is the normal range of serum calcium levels?
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What is the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium regulation?
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What is the consequence of long-term dietary calcium insufficiency?
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What is the condition caused by vitamin D deficiency in adults?
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What is the role of calcium-binding proteins in calcium absorption?
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Why is adequate calcium intake important during lactation?
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What is the term for minerals required in smaller quantities (less than 100 mg/day)?
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What happens to HCO3- in the lungs?
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What is the role of the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger?
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What is the result of a chloride deficiency?
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What is sulfur a part of?
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What is a major source of sulfur in the diet?
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What is a function of sulfur in the body?
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What is the function of the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger in the erythrocyte?
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What is the consequence of a lack of chloride in the transport of HCO3?
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Study Notes
Factors Affecting Mineral Bioavailability and Absorption
- Absorption of minerals is influenced by various factors, including other nutrients and compounds in the diet.
- Oxalate and phytate, found in some foods, chelate divalent cations, reducing the absorption of minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc.
- Phytate is commonly found in cereals, especially wheat, while oxalate is found in vegetables, particularly tomatoes.
- Patients with biliary stones (calcium oxalate) are advised to avoid eating tomatoes.
- Malabsorption of lipids can lead to malabsorption of calcium (Ca-palmitate, Ca-stearate).
Mineral Interactions and Deficiencies
- Excess intake of one mineral can block the absorption of another, e.g., excess iron reduces zinc absorption.
- Vitamin C increases iron absorption when consumed during the same meal.
- Iron deficiency anemia is a common problem, particularly affecting women and young children worldwide.
- Deficiencies of other minerals are rare in Western societies, but excess intakes can be a concern (e.g., sodium).
- Selenium, manganese, and zinc may help protect against free radicals and diseases like cancer and heart disease.
Classification of Minerals
- Minerals are classified into macrominerals (needed in larger amounts, >100mg/d) and microminerals (needed in smaller amounts, <100mg/d).
- Macrominerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride.
- Microminerals, also known as trace minerals, include iron, zinc, iodine, fluoride, selenium, and copper.
Calcium (Ca)
- Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, with most of it found in bones.
- Calcium plays a crucial role in essential processes, including nerve and muscle function, blood clotting, and intracellular signaling.
- Calcium absorption requires calcium-binding protein, and its level in the blood is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.
- Low calcium intake can lead to osteomalacia (softening of bones) and rickets in children.
Phosphorus (P)
- Phosphorus is essential for bone and tooth structure, energy metabolism, and electrolyte balance.
- Phosphorus deficiency is rare, but an excessive intake can lead to calcium being pulled from bones, causing bone loss.
Magnesium (Mg)
- Magnesium is present in all tissues, including bone, and is required for enzyme cofactors, bone and tooth structure, and normal energy metabolism.
- Magnesium deficiency can lead to muscle weakness, electrolyte imbalance, and bone loss.
Sodium (Na)
- Sodium is the principal cation in extracellular fluid and helps regulate plasma volume, electrolyte balance, nerve function, and energy utilization.
- Excessive sodium intake is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and heart disease.
Potassium (K)
- Potassium is the principal cation in intracellular fluid and is essential for water and electrolyte balance, nerve function, and cell signaling.
- Potassium has a beneficial blood pressure-lowering effect in people with hypertension.
- Potassium deficiency can lead to muscular weakness, mental confusion, and paralysis.
Chloride (Cl)
- Chloride is an anion closely connected with sodium in food, body tissues, and body fluids.
- Chloride is essential for the formation of gastric fluid, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.
- Chloride is involved in CO2 transport to the lungs from tissues and is essential for the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger system.
Sulfur
- Sulfur is part of many proteins, sulfolipids, conjugated bile acids, and coenzyme A.
- Sulfur is also present in thiamine, biotin, and insulin.
- Most sulfur in the diet comes from protein sources containing sulfur amino acids like cysteine, cystine, and methionine.
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Description
This quiz explores the factors that affect the absorption and bioavailability of minerals, including the impact of oxalate and phytate on calcium, iron, and zinc absorption.
