Chapter 9: Minerals

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What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?

To maintain adequate blood calcium levels (correct)

To promote calcium excretion in the kidneys

To regulate vitamin D levels

To reduce calcium absorption in the small intestine

When blood calcium levels are high, which hormone is released to counteract the effects of PTH?

Osteocalcin

Vitamin D

Calcitonin (correct)

Parathyroid hormone

What is the consequence of high blood calcium levels?

Hardening and damaging of tissues (correct)

Reduced osteoclast activity in bones

Increased calcium absorption in the small intestine

Increased calcium excretion in the kidneys

What is the primary mechanism by which PTH promotes calcium release from bones?

By activating osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main dietary source of calcium?

Dairy products Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of low blood calcium levels?

Compromised body processes that require calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for sodium deficiency?

Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of mild hyponatremia?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of high blood sodium?

Excessive loss of body water Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term effect of consuming high levels of sodium?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal blood pressure according to the text?

120/80 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to maintain a certain level of blood pressure?

To prevent lightheadedness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of sodium in US adults?

Processed foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of oxalate on calcium absorbability?

Decreases calcium absorbability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of the DASH diet?

Reducing blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting iron bioavailability?

Vitamin C intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of water fluoridation?

Preventing dental caries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Institute of Medicine's Dietary Reference Intakes?

Establishing dietary recommendations for specific nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes minerals?

Mineral deficiencies can lead to various complications in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes major minerals in terms of dietary requirements?

Needed in larger quantities from the diet compared to minor minerals Signup and view all the answers

Why are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen called basic organic elements?

They are found in the molecules of living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which term is synonymous with minor minerals in the context of dietary requirements?

Trace minerals Signup and view all the answers

How are minerals different from the basic organic elements like carbon and oxygen?

Minerals are inorganic and not bound to carbon. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the human body's need for a variety of minerals?

Human body requires both major and minor minerals to sustain life. Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential consequences of congenital iodine deficiency in a child?

Mental deficiencies and slowed growth Signup and view all the answers

Which neurological issue can arise in a child due to congenital iodine deficiency?

Difficulties with muscular control Signup and view all the answers

What can iodine excess lead to in terms of thyroid health?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential symptom of iodine poisoning?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended supplementation for pregnant women to promote healthy fetal development?

Prenatal vitamins containing iodine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of selenium in the body?

Production of thyroid hormones Signup and view all the answers