FN1070A Week 12: Nutrients for Energy & Blood Health

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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for folate in adults?

1000 ug/day

600 ug/day

500 ug/day

400 ug/day (correct)

What is one of the early symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?

Microcytic anemia

Scaly dermatitis

Skin lesions

Depression (correct)

Which food source is considered a good source of folate?

Swiss cheese

Chicken liver

Green leafy vegetables (correct)

Beef roast

What is a possible consequence of excessive intake of folate?

Masking vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is recommended to take additional synthetic folate?

People of childbearing age Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper limit (UL) for adults regarding vitamin B6 intake?

100 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What condition is commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency due to poor absorption?

Pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vitamin B12 in the body?

Maintaining nerve fiber sheaths Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency may be linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Folate Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of vitamin B6 toxicity?

Nerve damage Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom that can occur in infants whose mothers follow an unsupplemented vegan diet?

Neurological degeneration Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with folate deficiency due to low B12 levels?

Macrocytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended adequate intake (AI) of choline for men?

550 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which food source is considered high in choline?

Milk Signup and view all the answers

What condition can occur due to iodine deficiency during pregnancy?

Cretinism Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper limit (UL) for daily iodine intake in adults?

1100 ug/day Signup and view all the answers

Which food is a common source of iodine?

Iodized table salt Signup and view all the answers

What role does manganese play in the body?

Bone formation and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive intake of choline lead to?

Liver damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the AI for chromium intake for women?

25 μg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential symptom of manganese toxicity?

Disorders of the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by iodine excess?

Goiter Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of choline deficiency?

Liver damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of vitamin K deficiency?

Decreased wound healing Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acids can the body use to obtain sulfur?

Methionine and Cysteine Signup and view all the answers

What is a major role of iron in the body?

Carrying oxygen in red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supplements is typically recommended for pregnant women?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive vitamin K intake?

Decreased effectiveness of anticoagulants Signup and view all the answers

Which form of iron is better absorbed by the body?

Heme iron from meat, fish, and poultry Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with iron supplements in children?

Toxic overdose Signup and view all the answers

Which food source is considered a good source of vitamin K?

Milk Signup and view all the answers

What is the RDA of iron for women during pregnancy?

27 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about nutrient absorption is correct?

Certain foods can inhibit iron absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when individuals have a false sense of security regarding nutrient intake?

Increased risk of nutrient deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a higher risk of iron deficiency?

Women in reproductive years Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient is crucial for the synthesis of proteins needed in bone formation?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What is the advised approach regarding vitamin supplementation?

Follow prescribed dosages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hepcidin in the body?

Regulate iron balance Signup and view all the answers

What happens to transferrin levels when serum iron decreases?

Transferrin increases to adapt to reduced levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary symptoms of iron overload (hemochromatosis)?

Mental depression Signup and view all the answers

Which population group is most at risk for zinc deficiency?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

What effect does excess zinc have on copper absorption?

Blocks copper absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of copper in the body?

Assists in iron handling and storage Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is associated with impaired immunity when consumed in excess?

Zinc Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a good source of copper?

Organ meats Signup and view all the answers

What does pica commonly involve an abnormal appetite for?

Non-nutritious substances Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin's release from the liver is aided by zinc?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

What potential adverse effect can occur from high doses of supplements containing phytochemicals?

Toxicity symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health benefit of flavonoids?

Decreases inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which trace mineral has no established dietary reference intake (DRI)?

Nickel Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of lead accumulation in the body?

Compromised growth and development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes vitamins?

Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between vitamins and minerals?

Vitamins can be destroyed during cooking; minerals cannot. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of bioavailability?

It varies with nutrient intake and processing factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which food is considered a good source of thiamin (Vitamin B1)?

Whole grains Signup and view all the answers

What is the symptom associated with a deficiency of niacin (Vitamin B3)?

Pellagra (4Ds) Signup and view all the answers

Which B vitamin is specifically known to aid in amino acid metabolism?

Vitamin B6 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of general B vitamin deficiencies?

Severe exhaustion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding biotin is true?

Avidin from raw egg whites inhibits biotin absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of pantothenic acid?

Helps with gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes do B vitamins commonly serve as coenzymes for?

Enzymes for energy metabolism Signup and view all the answers

The RDA for men for thiamin is how many mg per day?

1.2 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which B vitamin is known to directly impact nerve function?

Thiamin Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin could lead to symptoms like teary or bloodshot eyes if deficient?

Vitamin B2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the main symptom of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Confusion and memory loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of folate and vitamin B12 in the body?

Aid in cell division and multiplication Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrients for Energy Metabolism & Blood Health

This covers FN1070A Week 12, focusing on Chapters 10 & 14, about nutrients for energy and blood health.

Overview of Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamins: organic, essential nutrients needed in small amounts, regulating growth processes.
Minerals: inorganic, essential nutrients needed in varying amounts, contributing to structural body components, and regulating body processes.
Both vitamins and minerals differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as they don't yield usable energy. Minerals maintain their structure after ingestion, unlike vitamins, which can be destroyed during cooking.

Bioavailability

Nutrient absorption and use efficiency impacted by processing, nutritional status, and nutrient form.
Vitamins can be destroyed or lost during cooking or processing.
Minerals may leach out into cooking water.
Nutrient interactions exist.

B Vitamins

B vitamins are "helper" nutrients, directly or indirectly aiding energy use from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
B vitamins function as coenzymes in the release of energy from protein, carbohydrates, and fats.
Vitamin B6 helps the body use amino acids (AAs) for protein production.
Folate and vitamin B12 are necessary for cell multiplication.

B Vitamin Deficiencies

General symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies include nausea, severe exhaustion, irritability, depression, forgetfulness, weight loss, impaired immune response, pain in muscles, abnormal heart action, teary eyes, swollen red tongue, and severe skin problems.
Cell renewal is affected in the digestive tract, and blood, with deficiencies often showing up together due to interrelated nature of nutrients.

Thiamin (B1)

Function: part of coenzyme in energy metabolism, affects nerve function, needed for alcohol metabolism.
Recommendations: Men: 1.2 mg/day, Women: 1.1 mg/day
Sources: whole grains, enriched cereals, beef, pork, legumes, black beans, green peas, sunflower seeds.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome & Beriberi

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a severe thiamin deficiency associated with alcohol abuse, affecting brain tissues.
Beriberi is another thiamin deficiency, with symptoms like nerve damage (dry) or heart issues (wet)

Riboflavin (B2)

Function: Co-enzyme for energy metabolism, protects skin and eyes, interacts with other B vitamins and folic acid.
Recommendations: Men: 1.3 mg/day, Women: 1.1 mg/day
Sources: milk, yogurt, whole grains, enriched cereals, eggs, meats (liver), leafy greens, spinach, kale, mushrooms.
Deficiency = Ariboflavinosis, inflammation of oral, skin, eye membranes, and gastrointestinal tract.

Niacin

Function: Co-enzyme for energy metabolism (>40 reactions), NAD component protecting from neurological degeneration, two chemical structures (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide).
Recommendations: Men: 16 mg NE/day, Women: 14 mg NE/day
Sources: meats, fish, nuts, whole grains, enriched cereals, mushrooms, baked potato; adequate protein intake sufficient for niacin needs
Deficiency: Pellagra (4Ds).
Excess: physiological effect = normal levels, no harm; pharmacological effect = large amounts may be harmful, leading to Niacin Flush.

Biotin

Function: co-enzyme in energy metabolism, crucial in gluconeogenesis and AA/fatty acid (FA) metabolism.
Needed in small amounts (30 µg/day).
Sources: Most foods of plant and animal origin.
Deficiency: rare, symptoms = skin rash, hair loss, neurological impairment.
Avodi in egg white inhibits its absorption, but denatured by cooking.

Pantothenic Acid

Function: Co-enzyme in CHO, fat, protein metabolism; important in lipid, hormone, and neurotransmitter synthesis.
Recommendations: Al for adults: 5 mg/day.
Sources: Beef, poultry, whole grains, potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli.
Deficiency: very rare.

Vitamin B6

Function: assists in 100+ bodily reactions, including amino acid, neurotransmitter, and hemoglobin synthesis, immune function, and steroid hormone production & glycogen release.
Recommendations: RDA for adults (19-50): 1.3mg/day, UL: 100 mg/day.

Folate

Function: Required for cell formation (blood cells & digestive tract), aids DNA/RNA metabolism and homocysteine processing.
Prevention of folate deficiency anemia, related to pernicious (B12) deficiency.
Absorption and activation: Conversion in the intestine involves removal of glutamates and adding a methyl groups assisted by B12.
Recommendations: RDA is 400 µg/day (higher in pregnancy), UL is 1000 µg/day.
Sources: leafy greens, lentils, pinto beans, asparagus, avocado, beets, beef liver, enriched grains, cantaloupe, orange juice.
Deficiency can result in anemia, diminished immunity, impaired digestive function, and neural tube defects.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Function: converts folate to its active form, aids DNA/RNA production, maintains nerve fiber sheaths.
Digestion/Absorption: HCL & pepsin separate B12 from food proteins, requires intrinsic factor (IF).
Recommendations: RDA for adults (19-50): 2.4 µg/day.
Sources: animal products (liver, steak, pork roast, Swiss cheese, cottage cheese, sardines, tuna).
Deficiency: associated with poor absorption (lack of HCI, intrinsic factor, or atrophic gastritis), pernicious anemia, neurological damage, macrocytic anemia.

Choline

Function: produces important cell components, crucial for fetal brain development and adult cognitive function.
Essential nutrient used to produce lecithin and acetylcholine.
Recommendations: Men: 550mg/day, Women: 425mg/day, UL: 3500mg/day.
Sources: milk, eggs, peanuts.
Deficiency: impacts not fully understood, most intakes fall below recommended values, symptoms include liver damage.
Toxicity: possible risks include dangerously low BP, sweating, slowing of growth, and liver damage.

Minerals for Energy Metabolism

This section focuses on essential minerals for energy-related body processes.

Sulfur

Function: contributes to protein structure and is part of various amino acids vital for diverse bodily functions.
Recommendations: no defined recommendation.
Sources: various protein-rich foods.
Deficiency/Toxicity: very rare.

Iodine

Function: vital part of thyroid hormones, regulating growth, development, and basal metabolic rate (BMR).
Recommendations: RDA for adults = 150 µg/day.
Sources: iodized salt, seafood, plant-based foods.
Deficiency: goiter (thyroid gland enlargement), mental impairment (cretinism).
Excess: similar goiter-like symptoms but can have more severe consequences.

Manganese

Function: cofactor for enzymes in CHO, lipid, and AA metabolism, aids bone formation.
RDA for Men: 2.3 mg/day, Women: 1.8 mg/day, UL: 11 mg/day.
Sources: nuts, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, tea.
Deficiency: rare, absorption inhibits with high intake of iron and calcium.

Chromium

Function: participates in lipid & CHO metabolism, assisting with glucose regulation and insulin function.
Recommendations: Men: 35 µg/day, Women: 25 µg/day.
Sources: liver, unrefined whole grains, meats, brewers yeast.
Deficiency: abnormal glucose metabolism (diabetes-like symptoms).

Highlight 10: Vitamin & Mineral Supplements

Rationale for and against supplemental use of vitamins and minerals.

Vitamin K

Function: synthesize clotting proteins for blood and tissue repair.
Necessary for bone health.
Recommendations: Al for Men: 120 µg/day, Women: 90 µg/day.
Sources: bacteria in the GI tract, leafy green vegetables, liver, cabbage-type vegetables, milk, canola, olive, and other oils.
Deficiency: rare but may be linked to bleeding.
Toxicity: rare.

Iron

Function: Crucial component for hemoglobin and myoglobin, essential for energy production & cell function, needed to make AAs, hormones & neurotransmitters.
Recommended intakes; RDA for Women: 18 mg/d (19-50), 8mg/d (51+), 27mg/d (pregnancy), Men: 8 mg/d.
Sources: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, kale/spinach, oats, lentils, beans, avocado.
Deficiency: depleted iron stores without being anemic, decrease physical productivity, high risk in certain populations.
Toxicity: Can result from foods in iron cookware or supplements; difficulty excreting excess iron can lead to hemochromatosis.

Zinc

Function: part of many enzymes, supports immune function, wound healing, sperm production, and developmental processes in children, and vision.
Recommendations: Men: 11mg/day, Women: 8mg/day, UL: 40mg/day.
Sources: Oysters, shrimp, beef, poultry, enriched cereal, pork chops, bread with yeast, legumes, nuts, whole grains.
Deficiency: impaired functions, growth retardation.
Toxicity: Toxicity includes nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, impaired immunity, copper/iron deficiency.

Copper

Function: forming hemoglobin and collagen; necessary component of several enzymes important for energy production, iron handling, and free radical control.
Recommendations: RDA for adults: 900µg/day, UL: 10000 µg/day.
Sources: organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, and drinking water (copper plumbing).
Deficiency and Toxicity: Genetic disorders (Menkes Disease) associated with malabsorption and impaired copper utilization.

Other Trace Minerals

Research is still limited on many trace minerals due to limited availability in quantities enough for analysis.
No defined recommended Dietary Intake (DRIs)
Contamination is possible with heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium.
Environmental issues may have changed bioavailability for these minerals.

Phytochemicals

Non-nutritive compounds found in plant-derived foods.
Act as antioxidants, and stimulate important enzymes, mimic hormones, suppress inflammation, and destroy bacteria.
Play a role in defense against cancer and heart disease.
Some have adverse effects when taken in large amounts from supplements.

Functional Foods

Natural foods exert potential health benefits, processed or fortified foods are labelled as functional foods.

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Description

This quiz covers Week 12 of FN1070A, focusing on Chapters 10 and 14, which discuss essential nutrients for energy metabolism and blood health. Learn about the roles of vitamins and minerals, their bioavailability, and how they differ from macronutrients. Test your knowledge on the importance of B vitamins and other micronutrients.