Nutrition Chapter 12: Water and Minerals
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Questions and Answers

What are the major minerals in the body?

Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Calcium (the most abundant), Magnesium, Chloride

What factors influence bioavailability of minerals?

Status of nutritional values, binders (oxalate, phytates), low food stores

Describe how mineral salts dissociate in water.

Salts dissolve in water and dissociate into ions, both positive and negative ions.

What are ions?

<p>Atoms/molecules that have gained or lost electrons and have electrical charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cations and anions?

<p>Cations are positively charged ions; anions are negatively charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a mineral ion has a positive charge of 1, how many protons versus electrons does it have?

<p>One more proton than electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What minerals are involved with growth and maintenance of bones?

<p>Phosphorus, Calcium, and Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the functions of sodium in the body.

<p>Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is sodium involved in fluid balance?

<p>When blood sodium rises, thirst signals the person to drink until the appropriate sodium to water concentration is restored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the mechanisms used to correct dehydration in the body.

<p>If sodium drops, both sodium and water must be replenished through ordinary foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what sources do we obtain water in our diets?

<p>8-12 cups (2-3 liters), most fruits and vegetables, many meats and cheeses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions do individuals experience sodium deficiency?

<p>Vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating. Symptoms include muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of foods supply most of the sodium in our diets?

<p>Processed foods, table salt, soy sauce, meats, milks, breads, vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare the average daily intake of sodium to the tolerable upper limit of sodium and discuss ways to decrease sodium levels in the diet.

<p>Upper level: 2300 mg/day; AI for 19-50 yrs: 1500 mg/day; AI for 51-70 yrs: 1300 mg/day; AI for &gt;70 yrs: 1200 mg/day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high intake of sodium affect blood pressure and bone health?

<p>It may contribute to high blood pressure, and excess salt results in a loss of calcium, diminishing bone health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions do individuals experience sodium toxicity?

<p>Prolonged excessive sodium intake. Symptoms include edema and acute hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the functions of potassium in the body.

<p>Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, facilitates many reactions, supports cell integrity, assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the potassium located in the fluid compartments of the body?

<p>Inside the body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do potassium and sodium interact in muscle contraction and nerve transmission?

<p>Low amounts of potassium and high amounts of sodium raise blood pressure and increase the risk of death from heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List food sources of potassium.

<p>All whole foods, including meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do potassium levels decrease in foods that are processed with sodium?

<p>Processing often removes potassium while adding sodium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions do individuals experience potassium deficiency?

<p>Symptoms include irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, and glucose intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions do individuals experience potassium toxicity?

<p>Overconsumption of supplements or potassium salts, certain diseases or treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the functions of calcium in the body.

<p>Mineralization of bones and teeth, involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the calcium in the body found?

<p>In the bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is calcium in the blood strictly regulated within narrow limits?

<p>Too much calcium can lead to kidney stones; low levels can cause uncontrolled muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the body maintains calcium levels in the blood.

<p>Stomach acid keeps calcium soluble, and Vitamin D helps to make calcium-binding protein needed for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List factors that increase calcium absorption.

<p>Soluble calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

List food sources of calcium.

<p>Milk and milk products like yogurt and cheese.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe bone remodeling during growth, adulthood, and old age.

<p>Osteoblasts build bone, while osteoclasts break down bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the effect of menopause on bone loss in women.

<p>Bone density decreases due to hormonal changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does lifelong inadequate intake of calcium have on the body?

<p>Leads to decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does dietary calcium influence blood calcium?

<p>Yes, adequate intake helps maintain proper blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe osteoporosis and its cause.

<p>A disease in which bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals; caused mainly by aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk factors are associated with developing osteoporosis?

<p>Aging, lifelong inadequate calcium intake, early menopause, vitamin D deficiency, genetics, low body weight, smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an aging individual maintain his/her bone density with lifestyle?

<p>Through weight-bearing exercise like jogging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits and pitfalls of calcium supplementation?

<p>Benefits: supplies calcium to those intolerant or allergic; pitfalls include risk of high intake and possible heavy metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should one supplement with calcium for maximum absorption?

<p>Low dosages of calcium and in between meals is best.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of magnesium and phosphorus in the body?

<p>Phosphorus: mineralization of bones and teeth, energy metabolism; Magnesium: bone health, enzyme actions, nerve impulse transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List food sources for magnesium and phosphorus.

<p>Phosphorus: all animal tissue; Magnesium: nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark greens, cocoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions can one experience a deficiency of magnesium or phosphorus?

<p>Phosphorus deficiency is very unlikely; magnesium deficiency can occur during alcohol abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions can one experience a toxicity of magnesium?

<p>Rare but fatal, typically from supplements rather than diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the major minerals in the body?

Major minerals include sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium (most abundant), magnesium, and chloride.

How does bioavailability of Minerals get affected?

Bioavailability of minerals is affected by factors such as nutritional status, the presence of binders like oxalates and phytates, and levels of food stores.

What happens when mineral salts dissolve in water?

Salts dissolve in water, breaking down into positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions).

What are ions, cations, and anions?

Ions are atoms or molecules with an electrical charge. Cations are positively charged ions, and anions are negatively charged ions.

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Which minerals are essential for bone health?

Phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium are crucial for bone growth and maintenance.

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What are the functions of sodium in the body?

Sodium plays a key role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and it's essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.

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How does sodium regulate fluid balance?

Increased blood sodium levels trigger thirst, prompting fluid intake to restore sodium-water balance.

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How does the body replenish lost sodium?

The body replenishes lost sodium and water through diet, and if sodium levels drop, it needs to be replenished through consuming food.

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What are some dietary sources of water?

Fruits, vegetables, meats, cheeses, and many beverages are dietary water sources. Aim for 8-12 cups (2-3 liters) of water daily.

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What are the causes and symptoms of sodium deficiency?

Sodium deficiency can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, and heavy sweating. Symptoms include muscle cramps, mental apathy, and loss of appetite.

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What are the major dietary sources of sodium?

Major sources of dietary sodium include processed foods, table salt, soy sauce, meat, milk, bread, and certain vegetables.

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What are the recommended sodium intake levels?

The tolerable upper limit for sodium is 2,300 mg/day. Adequate intake varies depending on age, typically ranging from 1,200 to 1,500 mg/day.

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How does sodium intake affect health?

High sodium intake can contribute to increased blood pressure and calcium loss, potentially impacting bone health.

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What are the symptoms of sodium toxicity?

Prolonged excessive sodium intake can lead to edema (swelling) and acute hypertension (high blood pressure).

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What are the functions of potassium?

Potassium is essential for maintaining fluid balance, supporting various reactions, and aiding in nerve impulses and muscle contractions.

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Where is potassium found, and how does it affect blood pressure and stroke risk?

Most potassium resides inside body cells. High sodium raises blood pressure, while potassium can actually help lower stroke risk.

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What are good sources of potassium?

Potassium-rich foods include meats, dairy, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.

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What are the causes and symptoms of potassium deficiency?

Potassium deficiency can cause symptoms like irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance, and increased blood pressure.

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Can potassium toxicity occur, and if so, what are the symptoms?

Excessive potassium supplementation can lead to muscle weakness and potential fatal heart issues.

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What are the essential functions of calcium in the body?

Calcium is crucial for bone and teeth mineralization, muscle function, nerve function, blood clotting, and blood pressure regulation.

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Where is most of the calcium in our body stored?

The majority of calcium is stored in our bones, providing a vital reserve.

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How are blood calcium levels regulated in the body?

Blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and vitamin D to prevent kidney stones and other issues.

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What factors influence calcium absorption?

Calcium absorption is influenced by solubility. Increased solubility leads to better absorption. More information on factors that reduce absorption was not provided.

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What are some good dietary sources of calcium?

Milk, yogurt, and cheese are rich sources of dietary calcium.

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Explain bone remodeling and its importance.

Bone remodeling is a continuous process where osteoblasts build bone and osteoclasts break down bone. This process is essential for maintaining bone health across all ages.

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How does menopause affect bone health and what is the risk?

Menopause causes a significant reduction in bone density in women, increasing the risk of osteoporosis.

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What are the consequences of long-term low calcium intake?

Long-term inadequate calcium intake can result in decreased bone density, potentially affecting blood calcium levels.

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What is osteoporosis and what are the main causes?

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by porous, fragile bones due to mineral loss, primarily caused by aging and other contributing factors.

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How can older adults maintain bone density?

Weight-bearing exercises, such as jogging, can help maintain bone density in older adults.

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What are the benefits and drawbacks of calcium supplements?

Calcium supplementation can be beneficial for individuals with lactose intolerance. However, potential risks include heavy metal contamination and potential harm from high intake.

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How can we maximize calcium absorption?

Taking low doses of calcium between meals is recommended to maximize absorption.

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What are the functions of magnesium and phosphorus?

Phosphorus is essential for bone mineralization, energy metabolism, and acid-base balance. Magnesium plays a vital role in bone health, enzyme activity, and nerve impulses.

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What are good sources of magnesium and phosphorus?

Phosphorus is abundant in all animal tissue, while magnesium sources include nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark leafy greens, and cocoa.

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Are there any specific conditions that can lead to mineral deficiencies?

Phosphorus deficiency is rare, but magnesium deficiency can occur during alcohol abuse.

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Can magnesium toxicity occur, and if so, how?

While rare, magnesium toxicity can be fatal, primarily due to excessive supplementation.

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Study Notes

Major Minerals in the Body

  • Major minerals include sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium (most abundant), magnesium, and chloride.

Bioavailability of Minerals

  • Influenced by nutritional status, presence of binders like oxalates and phytates, and levels of food stores.

Dissociation of Mineral Salts in Water

  • Salts dissolve in water, dissociating into positive and negative ions.

Ions, Cations, and Anions

  • Ions are atoms or molecules with electrical charges, formed by gaining or losing electrons.
  • Cations: positively charged ions; Anions: negatively charged ions.
  • A cation with a charge of 1 has one more proton than electrons.

Minerals Supporting Bone Health

  • Key minerals for bone growth and maintenance include phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium.

Functions of Sodium

  • Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.

Sodium and Fluid Balance

  • Increased blood sodium levels trigger thirst, prompting fluid intake to restore sodium-water balance.

Dehydration Mechanisms

  • Body replenishes lost sodium and water through diet; sodium levels drop require replacement through food.

Dietary Water Sources

  • Sources include fruits, vegetables, meats, cheeses, and many beverages; recommended 8-12 cups (2-3 liters) daily.

Sodium Deficiency Causes and Symptoms

  • Caused by vomiting, diarrhea, and heavy sweating. Symptoms include muscle cramps, mental apathy, and loss of appetite.

Dietary Sodium Sources

  • Major sources are processed foods, table salt, soy sauce, meat, milk, bread, and certain vegetables.

Sodium Intake Recommendations

  • Tolerable upper limit for sodium: 2,300 mg/day. Adequate intake varies by age (1,200-1,500 mg/day for different age groups).

Sodium's Impact on Health

  • High sodium intake may increase blood pressure and lead to calcium loss, affecting bone health.

Sodium Toxicity Symptoms

  • Prolonged excessive sodium intake can cause edema and acute hypertension.

Functions of Potassium

  • Maintains fluid balance, supports reactions, aids in nerve impulses and muscle contractions.

Potassium's Role and Food Sources

  • Most potassium is found inside body cells; higher sodium levels raise blood pressure, while potassium lowers stroke risk.
  • Sources include meats, dairy, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.

Potassium Deficiency Causes and Symptoms

  • Symptoms: irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance, and increased blood pressure.

Potassium Toxicity Causes and Symptoms

  • Can result from excessive supplementation; symptoms include muscle weakness and potential fatal heart issues.

Functions of Calcium

  • Essential for mineralizing bones and teeth, muscle function, nerve functioning, blood clotting, and blood pressure regulation.

Calcium Location in the Body

  • Most calcium is stored in the bones.

Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels

  • Blood calcium levels must be tightly regulated to prevent negative effects like kidney stones. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D play key roles.

Factors Influencing Calcium Absorption

  • Increased absorption occurs with solubility; factors reducing absorption remain undefined in the text provided.

Calcium Food Sources

  • Rich sources include milk, yogurt, and cheese.

Bone Remodeling

  • Involves osteoblasts (bone-building) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing) processes affecting bone health across age stages.

Menopause and Bone Loss

  • Menopause leads to significant bone density reduction in women, influencing risk factors for osteoporosis.

Long-term Inadequate Calcium Intake

  • May result in decreased bone density and potential impact on blood calcium levels.

Osteoporosis Overview and Risk Factors

  • A condition marked by porous, fragile bones due to mineral loss, primarily caused by aging with various contributing factors.

Maintaining Bone Density in Older Adults

  • Engaging in weight-bearing exercises such as jogging supports bone health.

Calcium Supplementation Benefits and Drawbacks

  • Benefits: useful for lactose intolerant individuals. Pitfalls: possible heavy metal contamination and high intake risks.

Maximizing Calcium Absorption

  • Recommended to take low doses of calcium between meals for optimal absorption.

Functions of Magnesium and Phosphorus

  • Phosphorus: bone mineralization, energy metabolism, acid-base balance. Magnesium: supports bone health, enzyme activity, and nerve impulses.

Food Sources of Magnesium and Phosphorus

  • Phosphorus is abundant in all animal tissue, while magnesium sources include nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark greens, and cocoa.

Conditions Leading to Mineral Deficiencies

  • Phosphorus deficiency is rare, while magnesium deficiency may occur during alcohol abuse.

Magnesium Toxicity

  • Rare but can be fatal, primarily resulting from excessive supplementation rather than food sources.

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Explore key concepts from Chapter 12 on water and major minerals. This quiz covers essential minerals in the body, factors influencing their bioavailability, and how mineral salts behave in water. Test your knowledge and understanding of these vital nutrients.

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