Milgram's Obedience Study Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the obedience rate when the teacher and learner were in the same room?

  • 65%
  • 40% (correct)
  • 20.5%
  • 30%

The obedience rate decreased when the experimenter was not physically present in the room.

True (A)

What was the highest voltage that participants were willing to administer in Milgram's study?

450V

When the experimenter was replaced by a confederate in ordinary clothing, obedience dropped to _____%.

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following experimental conditions with their obedience rates:

<p>Teacher and learner in same room = 40% Instructions given by phone = 20.5% Location in a rundown building = 47.5% Experimenter in uniform present = 65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of Milgram's baseline study?

<p>To see how far participants obeyed authority figures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Milgram's study included participants of both genders equally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher supported Milgram's findings on the effect of uniform on obedience?

<p>E Bickman</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological scale did participants in the electric shock experiment score highly on?

<p>F Scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electric shock experiment had a high level of ecological validity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the feeling of being powerless to take action when obeying authority?

<p>Agentic State (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main ethical concern regarding the electric shock experiment?

<p>participant distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

High authoritarian personality traits lead to less obedience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of parenting can lead to the development of an authoritarian personality?

<p>strict and critical parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to some studies, obedience is correlated with high scores on the _____ Scale.

<p>F</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one positive aspect of the electric shock experiment related to its sample?

<p>Large sample size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of an authority figure can create an ______ shift in individuals' responses to situations of power.

<p>agentic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following studies with their focus:

<p>Bickman = Investigation of social power and its effects on obedience Milgram = Study on obedience to authority figures Elms = Interviews with fully obedient individuals Authority Figures = Legitimacy of obedience and power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concerns with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Lack of ecological validity = Does not reflect everyday situations Correlational research = Does not show causation Ethical implications = Distress caused to participants Androcentric bias = Sample lacked diversity in gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one ethical issue discussed regarding obedience research?

<p>Deception was involved in the studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The findings from Milgram's experiment support the idea that some individuals will always obey authority figures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obedience is an individual act in response to social pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does black and white thinking indicate about a person's view on uncertainty?

<p>Discomfort with ambiguity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practical application can arise from the findings of the electric shock experiment?

<p>Awareness of authority in schools and prisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

People learn societal structures from a young age through various authority figures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Adorno used to measure authoritarian personality?

<p>F-Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between authoritarian personality and obedience?

<p>strong positive correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ state is when individuals feel responsible for their actions and act independently.

<p>Autonomous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Agentic State = Giving up independence to follow authority Legitimacy of Authority = Acceptance of a hierarchical structure Authoritarian Personality = Personality traits associated with strict adherence to authority Ecological Validity = Representativeness of findings to real-world contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a practical application of understanding obedience?

<p>Policing using authority symbols like uniforms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of obedience highlighted that individuals often challenge authority figures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of social influence, what does the term 'obedience' specifically refer to?

<p>Responding to direct orders from an authority figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of Bickman's study on obedience?

<p>It lacked population validity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The F Scale measures ideologies across the entire political spectrum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alternative explanation is often cited regarding obedience aside from social factors?

<p>authoritarian personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participants in obedience studies often exhibit __________ bias, leading to unreliable results.

<p>social desirability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to obedience:

<p>Authoritarian Personality = Dispositional explanation Social Desirability Bias = Unreliable results Bickman’s Study = Population validity issue F Scale = Measures right-wing ideology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assertion regarding the validity of obedience theories is true?

<p>Some theories fail to consider left-wing ideologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obedience theories do not highlight the importance of individual personalities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can decrease the reliability of obedience research results?

<p>social desirability bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Proximity's Impact on Obedience

The physical distance between the teacher and the learner during the experiment, which significantly impacted obedience levels.

The Influence of Setting on Obedience

Changing the location of the experiment from a prestigious university to a run-down office, resulting in a lower obedience rate. This suggests that the environment can influence people's behavior.

Uniform's Impact on Obedience

The experimenter's attire, particularly the presence or absence of a uniform, significantly impacted obedience levels. A uniform symbolises authority and increases compliance.

Milgram's Baseline Study

The study's original design, where the participant (teacher) was given instructions and had to deliver electric shocks to the learner. It established a base rate of obedience in a controlled environment.

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Influence of Experimenter's Absence

A key finding regarding the Milgram experiment, where participants significantly reduced their obedience when the authority figure was no longer physically present, instead delivering instructions over the phone. Suggests the importance of direct presence for authority.

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The Role of Location in Obedience

This finding highlights how the experiment's setting (a prestigious university) may have influenced the high obedience rates. The more prestigious the setting, the more likely people are to obey orders.

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Milgram's Use of Situational Variables

The deliberate and systematic manipulation of specific factors (e.g., proximity, location, uniform) to isolate their influence on obedience. This minimizes other variables and enhances the study's reliability.

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The Power of Authority

A primary takeaway from the Milgram experiment, emphasizing the powerful effect of authority figures on individuals' behavior. Even in situations that seem morally wrong, people tend to obey orders from those they perceive as in authority.

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Autonomous State

The state where an individual is accountable for their actions and feels responsible for their behavior. They feel free and independent.

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Agentic State

The state in which an individual acts under the direction of an authority figure, relinquishing their personal responsibility and feeling accountable for their actions to the authority figure.

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Legitimacy of Authority

A social psychological explanation for obedience, arguing that individuals obey because they believe in the legitimacy of the authority figure. This belief stems from societal structures that dictate hierarchy. Individuals accept the power of authority figures as necessary for societal order.

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Authoritarian Personality

A dispositional explanation for obedience, proposing that individuals with this personality type are more likely to obey authority figures. They exhibit characteristics like rigid thinking, adherence to conventional values, and a strong belief in hierarchies and power.

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F-Scale

A scale used to measure authoritarian personality, developed by Adorno in 1950. It assesses individuals' unconscious attitudes, including rigid thinking, conventional values, and a strong belief in hierarchies.

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Situational Explanation

Suggests that obedience is a consequence of specific social situations rather than individuals' traits. It emphasizes situational factors that influence obedience, such as the presence of an authority figure, group pressure, and the social context.

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Obedience

A type of social influence where an individual complies with a direct order from an authority figure. This type goes beyond mere compliance; it involves acting in response to a specific command.

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Ecological Validity

The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to real-world situations. It assesses the applicability of findings beyond the controlled setting of the study.

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Obedience to Authority

The tendency for individuals to obey orders from an authority figure, even if those orders are morally questionable.

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Agentic Shift

The transition from a state of independence to a state of obedience, often triggered by the presence of an authority figure.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

A process where an individual feels diminished responsibility for their actions when those actions are carried out under the direction of an authority figure.

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Prejudice and Authoritarianism

A belief system characterized by rigid categories, strong prejudices, and a tendency to dehumanize individuals who are perceived as different or 'outsiders'.

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Milgram's Experimental Variables

The use of specific factors or conditions within an experiment to isolate and understand their influence on the observed behavior.

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Proximity and Obedience

The crucial finding that individuals' obedience levels are significantly impacted by their proximity to the perceived victim.

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Correlational Research

A type of study that examines the relationship between two or more variables, but does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

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Experimental Research

A study that involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

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Androcentric Bias

A bias in research that arises from the overrepresentation of a particular gender, potentially leading to inaccurate conclusions.

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Dispositional Explanation of Obedience

The idea that some people are more willing to obey orders from authority figures than others due to their personality traits.

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Social Desirability Bias

The tendency for people to behave in a way that they believe is socially acceptable, even if this means hiding their true beliefs or feelings.

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Population Validity

The idea that a study's results might not apply to people outside of the specific group studied.

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Cross-Cultural Validity

The idea that a study's results might not apply to people in different cultures.

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Invalid Explanation

The idea that a theory or explanation is not useful in explaining a phenomenon because there are other better explanations available.

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Study Notes

Milgram's Obedience Study

  • Aim: To investigate how far participants would go in obeying an unjust order from an authority figure to inflict pain on another individual.
  • Procedure: 40 male participants, various backgrounds, were recruited via an advertisement for a study on "punishment and learning". They were assigned the role of "teacher" and a confederate played the role of "learner". Participants were instructed to give electric shocks to the learner for incorrect answers. Shocks increased in 15-volt increments, ranging up to 450 volts (potentially fatal).
  • Findings: All participants administered shocks up to 300 volts. 65% of participants delivered the maximum shock. Participants showed signs of stress and guilt.
  • Conclusion: Direct orders from authority figures can influence obedience, even if it involves inflicting pain.

Situational Variables Affecting Obedience

  • Proximity: Decreasing the physical distance between the teacher and learner reduced obedience.
  • Location: Obedience decreased when the study was conducted in a less prestigious location.
  • Uniform: Obedience decreased when the experimenter was replaced by an ordinary person in casual clothing.

Situational Explanation- Agentic State

  • Concept: A psychological state in which an individual acts as an agent of authority, feeling less responsible for their actions.
  • Process: An individual shifts from an autonomous state (feeling personally responsible) to an agentic state (feeling less responsible) when faced with an authority figure. They attribute responsibility to the authority figure.
  • Evaluation: Research supports the agentic state through studies examining situational variables like proximity, location, and uniform (Milgram's baseline study, Bickman's research).

Situational Explanation- Legitimacy of Authority

  • Concept: The belief that authority figures have the right to issue commands.
  • Process: People obey authority figures due to the belief that they possess legitimate power and authority within a societal hierarchy.
  • Evaluation: Research supports the legitimacy of authority concept. Bickman's research on obedience to figures in different uniform demonstrates how the perceived legitimacy of authority influences obedience.

Social Influence- Obedience SS20

Dispositional Explanation- Authoritarian Personality

  • Concept: Certain personality traits make individuals more prone to obedience.
  • Process: Strict and critical parenting styles can contribute to the development of an authoritarian personality, characterized by a desire to obey authority, a rigid adherence to social norms and stereotyping.
  • Measurement: The F-scale (Fascism Scale) used to measure authoritarian personality.
  • Evaluation: Research supports this explanation through correlations between high authoritarian personality scores and obedience in Milgram's experiments.

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Social Influence - Obedience SS2 PDF

Description

Test your understanding of Milgram's Obedience Study, which examined the extent of obedience to authority figures. Explore the aim, procedure, findings, and conclusions drawn from this groundbreaking research on human behavior.

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