Milady Chapter 12 Flashcards and Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the pH of acids?

pH equal to 0
pH less than 7 (correct)
pH equal to 7
pH greater than 7

What is the pH of alkalis?

pH of 14
pH greater than 7 (correct)
pH less than 7
pH equal to 7

What are alkanolamines used for?

To neutralize acids or raise the pH level in hair products.

What is ammonia?

A colorless gas with a pungent odor composed of hydrogen and nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion. Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

The smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion. Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical change?

A change in the chemical composition or makeup of a substance. Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical properties?

Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in a substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is chemistry?

The scientific study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. Signup and view all the answers

What is combustion?

Rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light. Signup and view all the answers

What are compounds?

Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements. Signup and view all the answers

What is an element?

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. Signup and view all the answers

What are elemental molecules?

Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of the same element. Signup and view all the answers

What is an emulsion?

Any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other. Signup and view all the answers

What is exothermic?

Occurring or formed with the evolution of heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycerin?

A sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and moisturizer in skin and body creams. Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophilic mean?

Attracted to water. Signup and view all the answers

What does immiscible mean?

Incapable of mixing. Signup and view all the answers

What is organic chemistry?

The study of all chemicals containing carbon. Signup and view all the answers

What is oxidation?

A chemical reaction in which an element combines with oxygen to form an oxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

The substance in which the solute dissolves. Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension?

A mixture of water and nondissolved materials. Signup and view all the answers

What does volatile mean?

Quickly changeable, easily vaporized. Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Acids and Bases

Acids have a pH less than 7 and can donate protons.
Alkalis, known as bases, have a pH above 7.0 and react with acids to form salts.

Chemical Compounds and Properties

Alkanolamines are used to neutralize acids and increase pH in hair care products.
Ammonia is a colorless gas composed of hydrogen and nitrogen, known for its strong smell.
Anions are negatively charged ions, while cations are positively charged ions.

Chemistry Fundamentals

An atom is the smallest component of an element and retains its chemical properties.
Chemical change refers to alterations in a substance's composition, resulting in new substances.
Chemical properties can only be determined through specific reactions and changes.

Chemical Reactions

Chemistry studies the properties, composition, and transformations of matter.
Combustion is a rapid oxidation process producing heat and light.
Exothermic reactions release heat.

Molecules and Mixtures

Compounds result from chemical combinations of two or more different atoms.
Elemental molecules consist of two or more atoms of the same element bonded together.
An emulsion is a mixture of immiscible liquids, where one is dispersed in the other.

Ion Formation and Chemistry Types

Ionization separates an atom or molecule into positively and negatively charged ions.
Inorganic chemistry involves substances that typically lack carbon.
Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing chemicals.

Physical and Chemical Changes

Oxidation combines an element with oxygen, forming an oxide, while reduction entails subtracting oxygen or adding hydrogen.
The pH scale expresses acidity and alkalinity, with a pH of 7 as neutral.
Physical changes do not alter the identity of a substance, while physical properties can be observed without changing it.

Solutions and Suspensions

A solution is a homogenous mixture of substances with evenly distributed molecules.
A solute is the substance that dissolves, whereas a solvent is the medium that dissolves it.
Suspensions consist of water mixed with nondissolved materials.

Emulsions and Miscibility

Oil-in-water emulsions contain oil droplets dispersed in water, while water-in-oil emulsions contain water droplets in oil.
Miscible substances can mix uniformly, while immiscible ones cannot.

Other Key Terms

Lipophilic substances are oil-loving and attracted to fats, while hydrophilic substances are water-attracted.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-containing substances that evaporate easily.
Surfactants help oil and water mix by acting as a bridge between them.

Miscellaneous

Glycerin is a sweet, colorless, oily substance often used as a solvent and moisture-retaining agent in creams.
Physical mixtures combine matter in any proportions and can be separated without chemical reactions.

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Milady Chapter 12 Flashcards

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