Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is adrenarche primarily associated with?
What is adrenarche primarily associated with?
What hormone is critical for the body's response to stress?
What hormone is critical for the body's response to stress?
Which hormone is converted from DHEA and is involved in secondary sexual characteristics?
Which hormone is converted from DHEA and is involved in secondary sexual characteristics?
What is the effect of high cortisol levels on children?
What is the effect of high cortisol levels on children?
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What characterizes the hormonal change known as adrenarche?
What characterizes the hormonal change known as adrenarche?
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What hormone levels rise until early adulthood and then decline?
What hormone levels rise until early adulthood and then decline?
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At what age does the growth spurt typically begin for girls?
At what age does the growth spurt typically begin for girls?
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What is the average percent difference in weight between boys and girls at age 12?
What is the average percent difference in weight between boys and girls at age 12?
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What is the height increase per year during middle childhood?
What is the height increase per year during middle childhood?
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How much weight do children gain on average per year during middle childhood?
How much weight do children gain on average per year during middle childhood?
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What is one reason girls are slightly taller at age 8?
What is one reason girls are slightly taller at age 8?
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Why do boys develop better gross motor skills than girls?
Why do boys develop better gross motor skills than girls?
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What factor significantly influences the individual differences in motor skills?
What factor significantly influences the individual differences in motor skills?
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What percentage of children meet the recommended levels of physical activity according to the CDC?
What percentage of children meet the recommended levels of physical activity according to the CDC?
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What is the primary factor influencing children's opportunities in youth sports?
What is the primary factor influencing children's opportunities in youth sports?
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What does the phrase 'Use it to grow it' refer to?
What does the phrase 'Use it to grow it' refer to?
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At what age do large biologically based sex differences in throwing distance and speed appear?
At what age do large biologically based sex differences in throwing distance and speed appear?
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Which sport is most popular among 6-year-old children in the US?
Which sport is most popular among 6-year-old children in the US?
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Which population factor determines participation in organized sports in WEIRD nations?
Which population factor determines participation in organized sports in WEIRD nations?
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What percentage of revenue does the youth sports industry generate in the US?
What percentage of revenue does the youth sports industry generate in the US?
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What health problems can arise during middle childhood due to lack of motor skill development?
What health problems can arise during middle childhood due to lack of motor skill development?
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Which group has the largest gender gap in sports participation?
Which group has the largest gender gap in sports participation?
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What does the AAP recommend regarding organized sports for preadolescents?
What does the AAP recommend regarding organized sports for preadolescents?
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What is a concern for children and free play in many neighborhoods?
What is a concern for children and free play in many neighborhoods?
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Which sport becomes the most popular by age 12 among children?
Which sport becomes the most popular by age 12 among children?
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Study Notes
Middle Childhood Physical Development
- Adrenarche is the maturation of the adrenal gland, a significant physiological event in middle childhood.
- The adrenal gland has two parts: the cortex and the medulla.
- The adrenal medulla is part of the sympathetic nervous system and secretes adrenaline.
- The adrenal cortex secretes hormones like cortisol, crucial for the body's stress response.
- The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates cortisol secretion.
- High cortisol levels may increase risk for mental health conditions.
- DHEA-S, a hormone modified from DHEA, protects against cortisol's neurotoxic effects and promotes brain growth.
- DHEA levels are high before birth, decline in the first year, then rise again around age 6 (adrenarche) and continue to rise through early adulthood.
- Adrenarche is linked with pubic and underarm hair growth and body odor.
- Early adrenarche might be associated with mental health issues in girls.
- Height increases at a rate of 2-3 inches per year during middle childhood (height velocity).
- Weight increases by about 5 pounds per year (weight velocity).
- Girls generally reach peak height a year before their first menstruation.
- Girls are on average 1% taller and 3% heavier than boys by the end of middle childhood.
Motor Skills and Athletics
- "Use it to grow it" is a key developmental theme, emphasizing the importance of practice in developing all skills.
- Genetic differences and motivation interact to influence motor skill development.
- Boys tend to be more physically active than girls in middle childhood.
- Boys typically show better development of gross motor skills.
- Children should engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily.
- Organized sports can benefit children with fundamental motor skill development, cardiovascular fitness, improved academic performance, social skills, and self-regulation.
- Social class and family income can influence participation in organized sports.
Children's Organized Sports Participation
- Free play and child-led games are important complements to organized sports participation.
- Organized sports are part of a larger industry that involves significant financial resources.
- Children's opportunities in organized sports are influenced by factors like gender, ethnicity, and family income.
Risks of Organized Sports Participation
- Coaches may not be properly trained in developmentally appropriate approaches for children.
- The emphasis on outcomes, like awards, can be stressful or counterproductive for children.
- Sports-related concussions are a concern, and prompt removal from play is essential.
- Injury is a frequent concern in organized sports, with football, wrestling, cheerleading, and ice hockey having the highest rate of injuries.
Health During Middle Childhood
- Yearly health checkups are crucial for children during middle childhood to detect developmental problems and chronic conditions.
- Screening tools are sometimes not effectively utilized in preventative care.
- Many children have chronic health conditions like obesity, asthma, diabetes, or epilepsy.
- Overweight is defined as having a body mass index between the 85th and 95th percentile of the reference range.
- Obesity is defined as having a body weight index at or above the 95th percentile of the reference range.
Sleep and Sleep Problems
- Children aged 6 to 12 need 9-11 hours of sleep per night.
- Consistenly sleeping less than 9 hours is associated with obesity, mood problems, and behavioral problems.
- Difficulty falling asleep is the most frequent sleep complaint after age 7.
Causes of Death in Middle Childhood
- Accidents are a leading cause of death in middle childhood, particularly those involving motor vehicles, drowning and fires.
- Cancer, suicide, homicide, cardiovascular diseases, and influenza are other significant causes.
- The suicide rate increased by 30% between 2006 and 2016, making it a significant public health concern.
Suicide and Understanding of Death
- Children's understanding of death and its permanence develops throughout childhood.
- Suicidal ideation and behaviors can begin as early as age 3 or before a child fully understands the meaning of death.
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Description
Explore the complexities of physical growth and hormonal changes during middle childhood, particularly focusing on adrenarche and its effects on the body. Learn about the roles of the adrenal glands, cortisol, and DHEA in physical and mental health outcomes. This quiz delves into the implications of these biological processes on development and well-being.
