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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the stage on a compound microscope?
What is the primary function of the stage on a compound microscope?
- To provide illumination
- To adjust the focus
- To hold the object being examined (correct)
- To support the eyepiece
Which part of the microscope allows adjustment of focus for each eye?
Which part of the microscope allows adjustment of focus for each eye?
- Stage clips
- Revolving nosepiece
- Inclination joint
- Diopter adjustment ring (correct)
What is the role of the coarse adjustment knob in a compound microscope?
What is the role of the coarse adjustment knob in a compound microscope?
- To illuminate the object being viewed
- To support the body tube
- To rapidly change the elevation for preliminary focusing (correct)
- To hold the slide in position
Which component of the microscope extends from the base to support the stage?
Which component of the microscope extends from the base to support the stage?
What does the inclination joint in a microscope allow the user to do?
What does the inclination joint in a microscope allow the user to do?
Which part of the compound microscope is crucial for supporting the entire structure?
Which part of the compound microscope is crucial for supporting the entire structure?
What role do stage clips play in a compound microscope's operation?
What role do stage clips play in a compound microscope's operation?
Which part of the compound microscope contains the ocular or eyepiece?
Which part of the compound microscope contains the ocular or eyepiece?
What should be done immediately if oil gets on the lower power objectives of a microscope?
What should be done immediately if oil gets on the lower power objectives of a microscope?
Which of the following accurately describes a prokaryotic cell?
Which of the following accurately describes a prokaryotic cell?
What type of transport occurs when molecules move across the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy?
What type of transport occurs when molecules move across the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy?
Which type of eukaryotic cell is characterized by having a cell wall?
Which type of eukaryotic cell is characterized by having a cell wall?
What process is represented by 'digestion' in the list of cell functions?
What process is represented by 'digestion' in the list of cell functions?
Which of the following cell types contains membrane organelles?
Which of the following cell types contains membrane organelles?
During which process do molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins?
During which process do molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins?
Which function refers to the cell’s capacity to respond to stimuli?
Which function refers to the cell’s capacity to respond to stimuli?
What is the primary function of the fine adjustment knob on a microscope?
What is the primary function of the fine adjustment knob on a microscope?
Which part of the microscope is NOT used for adjusting the light intensity?
Which part of the microscope is NOT used for adjusting the light intensity?
What does total magnification of a microscope depend on?
What does total magnification of a microscope depend on?
For which objective lens is oil immersion specifically used?
For which objective lens is oil immersion specifically used?
What should you avoid to prevent damage while handling a microscope?
What should you avoid to prevent damage while handling a microscope?
Which component is essential for concentrating light on the specimen during observation?
Which component is essential for concentrating light on the specimen during observation?
What characteristic is true about the high power objective lens?
What characteristic is true about the high power objective lens?
What feature of the mirror in a microscope allows it to adapt to different light sources?
What feature of the mirror in a microscope allows it to adapt to different light sources?
What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for packaging proteins?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for packaging proteins?
Active transport is characterized by which of the following?
Active transport is characterized by which of the following?
Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in the cell?
Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in the cell?
Cilia and flagella have which of the following characteristics?
Cilia and flagella have which of the following characteristics?
Which stage of cellular respiration comes after glycolysis?
Which stage of cellular respiration comes after glycolysis?
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the cell's equator?
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the cell's equator?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?
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Study Notes
Zoology
- Study of animal behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution.
- It encompasses both living and extinct species and their ecosystem interactions.
- Also referred to as Animal Science.
Science
- Systematic body of knowledge derived from careful observation and experimentation.
Scientific Method
- Structured process includes observation and experimentation.
Compound Microscope
- Optical instrument used to visualize structures too small for the naked eye.
- Three main parts: mechanical, optical, and illuminating.
Mechanical Parts
- Mechanical components ensure support and adjustment: Base, Pillar, Inclination joint, Stage, Stage clips, Arm, Body tube, Draw tube, Adjustment knobs, Revolving nosepiece.
- Coarse adjustment knob: Rapid preliminary focusing.
- Fine adjustment knob: Gradual changes for accurate focusing.
Optical Parts
- Used for specimen magnification: Ocular lenses/Eyepiece and Objectives (Scanning, Low Power, High Power, Oil Immersion).
- Total magnification calculated by multiplying initial and final magnification.
Illuminating Parts
- Provide light for specimen viewing: Mirror/Light source, Iris diaphragm, Condenser.
- Iris diaphragm: Regulates light passage for clearer views.
- Condenser: Concentrates light on the specimen.
Proper Handling of Microscope
- Use both hands to carry; avoid sudden jars.
- Keep lenses clean using lens paper; store after ensuring oil is removed from lenses.
Cells
- Basic unit of life; the average adult has about 100 trillion cells.
- Approximately 200 types of cells exist, showing diversity that enables tissue and organ complexity.
Cell Functions
- Key functions include nutrition, digestion, absorption, respiration, movement, reproduction, secretion, and irritability.
Classifications of Cells
- Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus, lack membrane-bound organelles (e.g., Bacteria).
- Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., animals, plants, fungi).
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
- Plant Cells: Contain chloroplasts, rigid cell wall.
- Animal Cells: Lack cell wall, contain centrioles.
Cell Transport Systems
- Passive Transport: Movement via diffusion without energy use.
- Facilitated Transport: Movement via membrane proteins requiring minimal energy.
- Active Transport: Movement against concentration gradient requiring ATP.
Cell Structures
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis sites.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough (protein synthesis) and Smooth (lipid synthesis).
- Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and modification center for proteins.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion.
Cellular Organelles
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell where energy production occurs.
- Cilia and Flagella: Aid in movement; cilia move fluids, flagella propel cells.
Cellular Respiration
- Process used to generate energy involving glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation using the electron transport chain.
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides to create two new cells.
- Types include Binary Fission (prokaryotes), Mitosis (eukaryotes), and Meiosis (eukaryotes).
Phases of Mitosis
- Mitosis includes stages: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, followed by Cytokinesis.
Summary of Meiosis
- Specialized cell division that leads to production of gametes, involving two rounds of division yielding four non-identical cells.
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