BIO 121

What is the primary source of carbon for Acinetobacter in oil spill biodegradation?

Small aromatics
Cyclic alkanes
n-alkanes (C-10-C-20) (correct)
Branched alkanes

Which of the following microorganisms is NOT involved in oil spill biodegradation?

Gordonia
Brevibacterium
Dietzia
Escherichia (correct)

What is the primary factor limiting oil spill biodegradation?

pH
Temperature
Oil composition
Nutrient availability (correct)

What is the primary function of Cytochrome P450 alkene hydroxylase in oil spill biodegradation?

To introduce oxygen into the substrate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of Inipol EAP22 Oil Spill Eater II?

Microemulsion-containing urea (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using aerobic breakdown in activated sludge systems?

It uses flocs for digesting a diverse range of organic and inorganic compounds (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of using trickling filter systems?

It impedes the growth of aerobic bacteria (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nutrient additives in bioremediation agents?

To enhance microbial growth (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing the composition of oil in oil spill biodegradation?

Chemistry of the pollutant (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of genetically modified crops in terms of growing conditions?

To increase tolerance to harsh environments (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Cry proteins in Bt crops?

To control pathogenic microorganisms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of Bt corn over conventional varieties?

It has more clean and marketable ears (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of promoters in plant transformation?

To express transgenes successfully (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of marker genes in plant transformation?

To select successful transformants (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the 35S promoter?

It is a constitutive promoter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of Golden Rice?

It is fortified with vitamin A (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of action of Bt crops?

They contain the endospore or crystal toxins of the Bacillus thuringiensis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin A in plants?

Regulation of adult genes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of adding the ZmPSY1 gene from maize to rice?

To generate phytoene (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of bio-fertilizers in improving plant nutrition?

Nutrient cycling (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using bio-fertilizers in agriculture?

Cost-effective (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of crt1 gene from Pantoea ananatis in vitamin A production?

Converting phytoene to lycopene (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using plant-promoting microorganisms in agriculture?

Improved nutrient uptake (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of PGPR in plant growth promotion?

Secretion of growth-promoting hormones (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using bio-fertilizers in reclaiming degraded soils?

Improved soil fertility (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nitrogenase in Nitrogen Fixation?

To reduce nitrogen to ammonia (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms is responsible for Phosphate Solubilization?

Bacillus megaterium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of gluconic acid in Phosphate Solubilization?

To solubilize phosphate by reducing its pH (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) as a biofertilizer?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms is NOT involved in Potassium Solubilization?

Rhizobium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Potassium Solubilization?

Dissolution of organic matter produces organic acid (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fungal biofertilizers?

To form symbiotic associations with plant roots (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of applying biofertilizers as consortia?

Synergistic effects on plant growth (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Antibiosis in biocontrol?

Production of low-molecular weight compounds or antibiotics (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using biocontrol agents in agriculture?

They are less harmful and often effective in small quantities (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Mycoparasitism in biocontrol?

Tropical growth of biocontrol fungus mycelium towards the target pathogen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of biological control of plant disease?

To reduce the incidence of disease caused by pathogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of induced resistance in host plants?

Increased resistance to pathogens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of biocontrol agents over conventional pesticides?

They are eco-friendly and easy to handle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Competition in biocontrol?

Indirect competition between pathogen and biocontrol agent (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using biocontrol agents in terms of crop yields?

They reduce the use of conventional pesticides, while crop yields remain high (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of biocontrol agents in terms of their multiplication?

They are easy to multiply in soil (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using biofuels?

To reduce dependence on imported crude oil (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of industrial strains of alcohol producers?

They can ferment a broad range of substrates rapidly (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of biofuel production?

It is a renewable energy source (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is biogas composed of?

Biomethane and biohydrogen (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem of biofuel production?

It requires a large amount of land and water (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Saccharomyces spp?

It has appropriate flocculation and sedimentation characteristics (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is ethanol?

A colorless, neutral, mobile, flammable liquid with a sharp burning taste (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Zymomonas mobilis in terms of substrate utilization?

It has a limited substrate range and primarily utilizes glucose through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of temperature tolerance in microorganisms used for biofuel production?

Modification of cell membrane composition through the incorporation of sterol and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using microalgae for biodiesel production?

High oil content and rapid growth rate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between open and closed systems for microalgae cultivation?

Open systems are more prone to contamination, while closed systems have better control over process conditions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nitrogen starvation in microalgae cultivation?

To increase lipid accumulation and improve biodiesel production (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using Clostridium spp. for biofuel production?

High ethanol tolerance and ability to utilize a wide range of substrates (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in thermophilic anaerobes?

Production of cellulase to break down cellulose and subsequent fermentation of glucose (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of bioremediation of metals polluted environment?

To convert pollutants into harmless products (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of biosorption over other methods of heavy metal removal?

High efficiency and low cost (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of biosorption in dead cells?

Adsorption of metal to the surface of the cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stage of biodegradation that involves the identification of biodegradation products?

Identification of the biodegradation products (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of biosorption?

Early saturation of biosorbent (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in bioremediation?

Conversion of pollutants into harmless products (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of bioremediation of organic pollutants?

Biodegradation of organic pollutants (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stage of biodegradation that involves the optimization of biodegradation conditions?

Optimization of the biodegradation conditions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of bioremediation?

To destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of microscopic 'bugs' or microbes in bioremediation?

They eat certain harmful chemicals and convert them into water and harmless gases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using bioremediation to clean up polluted water and land areas?

It allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of microbes completely digesting harmful chemicals in bioremediation?

They are converted into water and harmless gases such as carbon dioxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of recent studies in molecular biology and ecology in the context of bioremediation?

Understanding the mechanisms of bioremediation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of bioremediation over other methods of pollution cleanup?

It allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of microorganisms in the environment, in the context of bioremediation?

They are naturally present in the soil and water and can degrade or detoxify contaminating compounds (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of bioremediation in terms of the environment?

It allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using metal binding combinations in biosorption?

Abcence of toxicity limitations and reuse of regenerated biomass (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting metal uptake in biosorption?

Initial metal ion concentration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fungal biosorbents?

High percentage of cell wall materials with excellent metal binding properties (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of microalgal biosorbents?

Ion-exchange, where Na, Mg, Ca is displaced by heavy metal ions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of Bio-Fix biosorbent?

Waste water treatment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of bacterial biosorbents?

Small size and ubiquitous distribution (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting biosorption?

Biomass concentration and metal solubility (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of biosorption?

Ion-exchange and metabolic dependent biosorption (A) Signup and view all the answers