BIO 121
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of carbon for Acinetobacter in oil spill biodegradation?

  • Small aromatics
  • Cyclic alkanes
  • n-alkanes (C-10-C-20) (correct)
  • Branched alkanes

    • Which of the following microorganisms is NOT involved in oil spill biodegradation?

  • Gordonia
  • Brevibacterium
  • Dietzia
  • Escherichia (correct)

    • What is the primary factor limiting oil spill biodegradation?

  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Oil composition
  • Nutrient availability (correct)

    • What is the primary function of Cytochrome P450 alkene hydroxylase in oil spill biodegradation?

    <p>To introduce oxygen into the substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Inipol EAP22 Oil Spill Eater II?

    <p>Microemulsion-containing urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using aerobic breakdown in activated sludge systems?

    <p>It uses flocs for digesting a diverse range of organic and inorganic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of using trickling filter systems?

    <p>It impedes the growth of aerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nutrient additives in bioremediation agents?

    <p>To enhance microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the composition of oil in oil spill biodegradation?

    <p>Chemistry of the pollutant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of genetically modified crops in terms of growing conditions?

    <p>To increase tolerance to harsh environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cry proteins in Bt crops?

    <p>To control pathogenic microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Bt corn over conventional varieties?

    <p>It has more clean and marketable ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of promoters in plant transformation?

    <p>To express transgenes successfully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of marker genes in plant transformation?

    <p>To select successful transformants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the 35S promoter?

    <p>It is a constitutive promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Golden Rice?

    <p>It is fortified with vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action of Bt crops?

    <p>They contain the endospore or crystal toxins of the Bacillus thuringiensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin A in plants?

    <p>Regulation of adult genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of adding the ZmPSY1 gene from maize to rice?

    <p>To generate phytoene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of bio-fertilizers in improving plant nutrition?

    <p>Nutrient cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using bio-fertilizers in agriculture?

    <p>Cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of crt1 gene from Pantoea ananatis in vitamin A production?

    <p>Converting phytoene to lycopene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using plant-promoting microorganisms in agriculture?

    <p>Improved nutrient uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of PGPR in plant growth promotion?

    <p>Secretion of growth-promoting hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using bio-fertilizers in reclaiming degraded soils?

    <p>Improved soil fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nitrogenase in Nitrogen Fixation?

    <p>To reduce nitrogen to ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is responsible for Phosphate Solubilization?

    <p>Bacillus megaterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gluconic acid in Phosphate Solubilization?

    <p>To solubilize phosphate by reducing its pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) as a biofertilizer?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is NOT involved in Potassium Solubilization?

    <p>Rhizobium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Potassium Solubilization?

    <p>Dissolution of organic matter produces organic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fungal biofertilizers?

    <p>To form symbiotic associations with plant roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of applying biofertilizers as consortia?

    <p>Synergistic effects on plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Antibiosis in biocontrol?

    <p>Production of low-molecular weight compounds or antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using biocontrol agents in agriculture?

    <p>They are less harmful and often effective in small quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Mycoparasitism in biocontrol?

    <p>Tropical growth of biocontrol fungus mycelium towards the target pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of biological control of plant disease?

    <p>To reduce the incidence of disease caused by pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of induced resistance in host plants?

    <p>Increased resistance to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of biocontrol agents over conventional pesticides?

    <p>They are eco-friendly and easy to handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Competition in biocontrol?

    <p>Indirect competition between pathogen and biocontrol agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using biocontrol agents in terms of crop yields?

    <p>They reduce the use of conventional pesticides, while crop yields remain high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of biocontrol agents in terms of their multiplication?

    <p>They are easy to multiply in soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using biofuels?

    <p>To reduce dependence on imported crude oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of industrial strains of alcohol producers?

    <p>They can ferment a broad range of substrates rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of biofuel production?

    <p>It is a renewable energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biogas composed of?

    <p>Biomethane and biohydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem of biofuel production?

    <p>It requires a large amount of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Saccharomyces spp?

    <p>It has appropriate flocculation and sedimentation characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ethanol?

    <p>A colorless, neutral, mobile, flammable liquid with a sharp burning taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Zymomonas mobilis in terms of substrate utilization?

    <p>It has a limited substrate range and primarily utilizes glucose through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of temperature tolerance in microorganisms used for biofuel production?

    <p>Modification of cell membrane composition through the incorporation of sterol and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using microalgae for biodiesel production?

    <p>High oil content and rapid growth rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between open and closed systems for microalgae cultivation?

    <p>Open systems are more prone to contamination, while closed systems have better control over process conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nitrogen starvation in microalgae cultivation?

    <p>To increase lipid accumulation and improve biodiesel production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Clostridium spp. for biofuel production?

    <p>High ethanol tolerance and ability to utilize a wide range of substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in thermophilic anaerobes?

    <p>Production of cellulase to break down cellulose and subsequent fermentation of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of bioremediation of metals polluted environment?

    <p>To convert pollutants into harmless products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of biosorption over other methods of heavy metal removal?

    <p>High efficiency and low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of biosorption in dead cells?

    <p>Adsorption of metal to the surface of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stage of biodegradation that involves the identification of biodegradation products?

    <p>Identification of the biodegradation products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of biosorption?

    <p>Early saturation of biosorbent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzymes in bioremediation?

    <p>Conversion of pollutants into harmless products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of bioremediation of organic pollutants?

    <p>Biodegradation of organic pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stage of biodegradation that involves the optimization of biodegradation conditions?

    <p>Optimization of the biodegradation conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of bioremediation?

    <p>To destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microscopic 'bugs' or microbes in bioremediation?

    <p>They eat certain harmful chemicals and convert them into water and harmless gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using bioremediation to clean up polluted water and land areas?

    <p>It allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of microbes completely digesting harmful chemicals in bioremediation?

    <p>They are converted into water and harmless gases such as carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of recent studies in molecular biology and ecology in the context of bioremediation?

    <p>Understanding the mechanisms of bioremediation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of bioremediation over other methods of pollution cleanup?

    <p>It allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in the environment, in the context of bioremediation?

    <p>They are naturally present in the soil and water and can degrade or detoxify contaminating compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of bioremediation in terms of the environment?

    <p>It allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using metal binding combinations in biosorption?

    <p>Abcence of toxicity limitations and reuse of regenerated biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting metal uptake in biosorption?

    <p>Initial metal ion concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fungal biosorbents?

    <p>High percentage of cell wall materials with excellent metal binding properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of microalgal biosorbents?

    <p>Ion-exchange, where Na, Mg, Ca is displaced by heavy metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Bio-Fix biosorbent?

    <p>Waste water treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of bacterial biosorbents?

    <p>Small size and ubiquitous distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting biosorption?

    <p>Biomass concentration and metal solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of biosorption?

    <p>Ion-exchange and metabolic dependent biosorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

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