Micro: Final prep
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is true?

  • Prokaryotes include Archaea and Bacteria. (correct)
  • Prokaryotes are the most complex type of cells.
  • Prokaryotes have a defined nucleus.
  • Prokaryotes can be multicellular organisms.

    • What is a significant characteristic of proteins classified as exotoxins?

  • They can cause harm while the bacteria are still alive. (correct)
  • They are only produced by gram-negative bacteria.
  • They are integral parts of the bacterial structure.
  • They remain within the bacterial cell.

    • Which group of microorganisms is primarily characterized by being multicellular and typically includes helminths?

  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya (correct)
  • Fungi

    • What distinguishes obligate pathogens from facultative pathogens?

    <p>Obligate pathogens cannot survive outside of a host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fungi is correct?

    <p>Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification for the type of helminths that includes tapeworms?

    <p>Cestodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is characterized by producing urease and can be either facultative or obligate?

    <p>Helicobacter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxins are endotoxins, and when do they cause problems?

    <p>They are part of the bacteria's structure and cause issues when the bacteria die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of meningitis is characterized by cloudy cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Septic meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary causative agent of Helicobacter peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is characterized by inflammation of both the brain and the meninges?

    <p>Meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is a common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants?

    <p>Rotavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of the organism Yersinia enterocolitica?

    <p>Yersiniosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasitic infection is most commonly associated with ingesting uncooked contaminated food?

    <p>Trichinosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Candidiasis results from an overgrowth of which organism?

    <p>Candida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial intoxication is caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>Staphylococcal intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that differentiates yeast from molds?

    <p>Yeast are unicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of viral infection?

    <p>Cell-Triggered Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symbiotic relationship involves both organisms benefiting?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characterizes the infection process 'Evasion'?

    <p>Pathogens avoid detection by the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogen is known to remain in a host without causing immediate symptoms?

    <p>Latent Pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungal organism can produce antibiotics like penicillin?

    <p>Penicillium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infection can lead to cancer through transformative infection?

    <p>Papilloma Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The least infectious way pathogens can enter a host is through which route?

    <p>Portal of entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection typically leads to cell destruction?

    <p>Lytic Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of prions?

    <p>They are rogue proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are known to cause gangrene?

    <p>Clostridium perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by increased lipids in the arterial wall leading to blockages?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protozoan infections is specifically transmitted by the cat family?

    <p>Toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment option for Streptococcal throat infections?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known to be a risk factor for hospital-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Klebsiella pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological disease is caused by the rabies virus?

    <p>Rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common transmission route for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?

    <p>Respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infection is characterized by a pseudo membrane on the tonsils and throat?

    <p>Diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with causing acute flaccid paralysis?

    <p>Poliovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of the brain tissues?

    <p>Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a reservoir for rabies?

    <p>Chicken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism causes cryptococcosis?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is characterized by severe neurological damage and is transmitted by mosquitoes?

    <p>Eastern equine encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are long projections from nerve cells called?

    <p>Axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral infections can be deadly and is carried by rodents?

    <p>Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal infection is typically associated with soil and bird droppings?

    <p>Histoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kingdoms/Domains

    • Microorganisms are classified into prokaryotes (lacking a nucleus) and eukaryotes (with a nucleus).
    • Prokaryotes include Archaea and Bacteria (Rickettsias and Chlamydias).
    • Eukaryotes include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.
    • Kingdoms are not typically used for prokaryotes but are used for eukaryotes.

    Living Microorganisms - Cellular

    • Prokaryotes:
      • Simpler cells without a nucleus.
      • Bacteria come in various shapes (cocci, curved/spiral, bacilli).
      • Some are facultative (can survive with or without oxygen).
      • Obligate bacteria need a host for survival.
      • Some can form spores.
      • Some have flagella.
      • Some are photosynthetic.
      • Endotoxins: Gram-negative, part of cell wall, release when bacteria die, triggering fever and shock.
      • Exotoxins: Gram-positive, toxins produced within and released by living bacteria, poisonous proteins.
        • Types: cytotoxins, enterotoxins, neurotoxins.
    • Eukaryotes: Complex cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
      • Animalia (Animals):
        • Multicellular organisms, including helminths.
        • Helminths aren't technically microorganisms.
        • Helminths (classified x2):
          • Platyhelminths:
            • Trematodes (flukes; examples: lung, liver, blood fluke): Named by their definitive host tissue.
            • Cestodes (tapeworms): Primarily intestinal parasites.
          • Nematodes (roundworms):
            • Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm): Human host exclusively, transmitted by fomites.
            • Ascaris lumbricoides (human roundworm): Human parasite, no intermediate host required.
            • Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms): Infect the small intestine.
      • Fungi:
        • Unicellular or multicellular, absorb nutrients from organic materials.
        • Mycology is the study of fungi.
        • Examples include yeasts and molds.
          • Yeast: Unicellular, reproduce asexually. Example: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast).
          • Molds: Multicellular, reproduce asexually by spores. Example: Penicillium (source of penicillin).
      • Plantae (Plants): Multicellular autotrophs (produce their own food via photosynthesis).

    Non-Living, Non-Cellular Infectious Agents

    • Viruses: Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
    • Viroids: Mini-viruses, no protein coat, impact plants.
    • Prions: Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold; result in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (e.g., mad cow disease).

    Viral Infections

    • Abortive: Virus enters but doesn't reproduce.
    • Lytic/Cytocidal: Kills the host cell.
    • Transformative: Viral DNA integrates, possibly leading to cancer.
    • Chronic: Virus produces new viruses slowly without killing the host cell.
    • Latent: Limited viral synthesis, virus remains dormant in host.

    Symbiosis

    • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit.
    • Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected.
    • Parasitism: One benefits, the other is harmed.
    • Amensalism (Antibiosis): One harmed, the other unaffected.

    Infection Process

    • Virulence: Disease-causing potential of a microbe.
    • Pathogenicity: Ability to cause disease, related to microbial characteristics, portals of entry, host defenses, and virulence factors.
    • Stages of Infection:
      • Adhesion: Attachment to host cells.
      • Colonization: Growth and establishment in host tissues.
      • Invasion: Penetration into host tissues.
      • Evasion: Avoiding host immune system detection.
    • Contamination: Microbes present but not necessarily causing infection.
    • Infection: Entry and growth of microorganisms, potentially leading to disease.
    • Opportunistic pathogens: Harmless under normal conditions, cause disease when host defenses are compromised.

    Infection of the Cardiovascular System

    • Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart.
    • Common cause: Bacteria. Other causes: noninfectious.
    • Myocarditis: Heart muscle inflammation, often viral.
    • Pericarditis: Inflammation of the heart sac, often viral.
    • Bloodborne Infections: Microbes (bacteria, etc) entering the circulatory system.
      • Bacteremia: Bacteria in the blood.
      • Septicemia: Severe blood infection.
      • Rheumatic fever: Inflammatory disease resulting from a group A streptococcus infection
    • Gangrene: Necrosis. Clostridium perfringens is a common cause.

    Zoonotic Bacterial Infections

    • Transmitted from animals to humans.
    • Examples: Brucellosis (Undulant Fever), Tularemia, Cat-Scratch Disease, Rat-Bite Fever.

    Vector-Transmitted Diseases

    • Transmitted by vectors (e.g., insects, ticks).
    • Examples: Plague, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme Disease, Ehrlichiosis, Typhus, Relapsing Fever.

    Viral Infections

    • Examples: Infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infections, Viral hemorrhagic fevers

    Fungal Infections

    • Examples: Systemic mycoses, more fungal infections.

    Protozoan Infections

    • Examples: Malaria, Babesiosis, Toxoplasmosis.

    Infections of the Respiratory System

    • Bacterial Infections:
      • Streptococcal infections (strep throat, scarlet fever).
      • Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia).
      • Others (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Pertussis, Tuberculosis, etc.)
    • Rare Opportunistic Infections:
      • Staphylococcal pneumonia, CA-MRSA pneumonia, Haemophilus infections, Klebsiella pneumonia, Diphtheria, Legionellosis, Psittacosis, Inhalation anthrax, Q fever.
    • Viral Infections :
      • Common cold, Influenza, Viral pneumonia, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, SARS, COVID-19.
    • Fungal Infections
      • Histoplasmosis, Pulmonary aspergillosis.

    Infections of the Nervous System

    • Bacterial Infections: Bacterial meningitis, Meningococcal meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, Pneumococcal meningitis, Listeria meningitis, Tetanus, Botulism.
    • Viral Infections: Viral meningitis, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Arboviral encephalitis (Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis)
    • Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML): Caused by a Polyomavirus.
    • Fungal Infections: Cryptococcosis.
    • Protozoan Infections: Cerebral toxoplasmosis, African trypanosomiasis, Chagas' disease.
    • Prion-Associated Diseases: Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSSS), Fatal familial insomnia.

    Infections of the Gastrointestinal & Urinary Systems

    • Gastrointestinal (GI) Infections:
      • Bacterial: Helicobacter peptic ulcer, Salmonellosis, Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Shigellosis, Campylobacteriosis, Escherichia spp. gastroenteritis, Yersiniosis, Listeriosis
      • Bacterial Intoxications: Botulism, Staphylococcal intoxication, Bacillus intoxication
      • Viral: Rotavirus, Hepatitis, Astroviruses, Caliciviruses, Noroviruses, Adenoviruses
      • Fungal: Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Ergotism
      • Parasitic: Helminths (Trichinosis, Taeniasis, Pinworm infections, Ascariasis, Necatoriasis)
    • Urinary Infections (details found on separate computer notes)

    Review Questions (from the text):

    • The outermost membrane surrounding the brain is the dura mater.
    • Brain tissue inflammation is encephalitis.
    • Nerve cell projections are axons.
    • Neurons store and release neurotransmitters.
    • Central nervous system = brain and spinal column.
    • Listeriosis cannot be prevented by a vaccine.
    • Reservoirs for rabies include dogs, bats, and skunks, but not chickens.
    • Cryptococcosis is caused by an encapsulated yeast.

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