Microbiology Quiz: Infectious Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What type of transmission is exemplified by the spread of disease agents via contaminated food?

Airborne transmission

Direct contact transmission

Biological transmission

Vehicle transmission (correct)

What is the etiological agent responsible for the acute diarrheal illness observed in the scenario?

Rice pudding

Crabs

Vibrio cholerae (correct)

Coconut milk

Which of the following best describes the source of the illness during the second party?

Coconut milk

Contaminated water

Rice pudding

Crabs served from the first party (correct)

How do transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota?

They are present for a relatively short time Signup and view all the answers

Objective changes that a physician can directly observe and measure are termed as what?

Signs Signup and view all the answers

What classification would a disease fall under if it spreads rapidly to many people in a specific area?

Epidemic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a method of entry via the parenteral route?

Injection Signup and view all the answers

Which food safety measure can effectively prevent botulism?

Boiling food before eating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about E.coli?

E.coli never cause disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is specifically acquired in a hospital?

Nosocomial Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-communicable infection?

Tetanus Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT believed to contribute to the emergence of new infectious diseases?

The need of bacteria to cause disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Koch's postulates?

The disease must be transmitted from a diseased animal to a healthy animal by some form of contact. Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for the case of bubonic plague described?

September 6-7. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the prodromal period for the disease in the provided scenario.

September 6-7. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an encapsulated bacterium in virulence?

It resists phagocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the blanket contaminated with the virus that causes chickenpox?

Fomite Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the behavior of successful pathogens?

Successful pathogens do not kill their host before transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a portal of entry for pathogens?

Skin scratches Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?

Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogens are most likely to cause disease in a weakened host?

Opportunistic pathogens Signup and view all the answers

In the case where a mosquito bites an infected animal and then infects a person, what is the role of the mosquito?

Vector Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for pathogens?

Intact skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of B cells in the immune system?

To mediate humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes one of the functions of inflammation?

To repair or replace damaged tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine uses a weakened version of a virus?

Attenuated virus vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is selective toxicity in the context of antimicrobial drugs?

The ability to kill pathogens without harming the host Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic was developed against syphilis by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?

Salvarsan (Arsphenamine) Signup and view all the answers

Newborns' immunity due to the transfer of antibodies across the placenta is an example of which type of immunity?

Naturally acquired passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement provides the best definition of an antigen?

A chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine contains weakened microorganisms that generally provide lifelong immunity?

Attenuated whole-agent vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Assuming that the incidence of botulism remains unchanged, one would classify botulism as a ____ disease.

sporadic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of vaccines includes recombinant and acellular vaccines?

Subunit vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Measles, due to its high transmissibility, is classified as a ________.

both of these Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria?

Antibiotics are used indiscriminately Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a disease that is constantly present in a population?

endemic disease Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial agent is recommended for treating fungal infections?

Amphotericin B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT provide an advantage of using two antibiotics together?

Two are always twice as effective as one Signup and view all the answers

Granulocytes are classified as which type of cell?

leukocyte Signup and view all the answers

Haptens are described as which of the following?

Small chemicals that can become antigens when bound to larger molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the innate nonspecific immune system?

a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which structure constantly sheds dead cells along with any attached microbes?

epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is secreted onto the surface of the skin and inhibits pathogenic growth?

sebum Signup and view all the answers

The ability to ward off diseases is referred to as:

immunity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Statements Not True About E. coli

E. coli can cause disease.
E. coli often exists in a mutual relationship with humans.
E. coli gets nutrients from intestinal contents.
E. coli provides vitamin K for its host.

Invasion/Colonization

Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms is called infection.

Hospital-Acquired Infections

A nosocomial infection is acquired in a hospital.

Non-Communicable Infections

Examples include tetanus, leprosy.

Emergence of New Infectious Diseases

The emergence of new infectious diseases is likely due to factors like human travel, population growth, and environmental changes, but not the need for bacteria to cause disease.

Koch's Postulates

The pathogen must be present in every case of disease.
The pathogen must be isolated in pure culture from an experimentally infected animal.
The disease must be transmitted from a diseased animal to a healthy, susceptible animal by some form of contact.
The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal.

Bubonic Plague Incubation Period

The incubation period for this case of bubonic plague was from September 3rd to 5th.

Prodromal Period for Bubonic Plague

The prodromal period for this case of bubonic plague was from September 6th to 7th.

Vibrio Cholerae and Plesiomonas Shigelloides Infection Example

A Maryland woman was hospitalized with dehydration, and Vibrio cholerae and Plesiomonas shigelloides were isolated from her.
She had neither traveled outside the US nor eaten raw shellfish.
She had attended a party two days before hospitalization.
Two other people at the party had acute diarrheal illness.
Everyone at the party ate crabs and rice pudding with coconut milk.
Crabs left over from the party were served at a second party; one person at the second party experienced mild diarrhea.
Specimens from 14 of the people at the second party were negative for vibriocidal antibodies.

Disease Transmission

The etiologic agent of the disease is Vibrio cholerae.
The source of the disease was crabs.

Transient Microbiota

Transient microbiota are present for a relatively short time.

Objective Changes

Objective changes physicians observe and measure are called signs.

Characteristics of a Disease

Characteristics can be grouped into syndromes, symptoms, and signs.

Types of Disease Acquisition

A disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time is called an epidemic.

Types of Disease Transmission

The spread of disease agents via contaminated water is an example of vehicle transmission.

Science of Disease Transmission in Populations

The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called epidemiology.

Pathogen Entry Through Skin

Most pathogens that gain access to the skin must adhere to the surface to penetrate.
They may potentially invade intact skin via hair follicles or sweat ducts.

Entry Through the Parenteral Route

All sources of entry via the parenteral route are listed, but hair follicles is not.

Foodborne Botulism Prevention

Prevent botulism by boiling food prior to consumption.

Virulence Factors

Virulence of a pathogen is contributed to by factors such as numbers of microorganisms gaining access, evasion of host defenses, and toxin production.

Smallpox Vaccine

Early smallpox vaccines used infected tissue rubbed onto the skin.
The recipients usually developed a mild case, recovered, and gained immunity afterwards.

Pathogen and Transmission

Smallpox is a virus, and skin is the wrong portal of entry.
A successful pathogen doesn't always kill its host before transmission.

Types of Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases might be sporadic, endemic, epidemic, or pandemic.

Infectious agents and immune system

Pathogens lacking enzyme collagenase are less likely to cause disease.

Highly Virulent Organisms

Highly virulent organisms are more likely to cause disease.

Disease Classifications

Botulism is a sporadic disease.
Measles is a highly contagious disease, as it spreads easily among susceptible populations.
Endemic diseases are constantly present in a geographic area.

Nonspecific Immune System

The innate nonspecific immune system uses a general defense mechanism to defend against pathogens.

Shed Cells and Microorganisms

The outer, thinner layer of cells, frequently sheds dead cells along with microbes, this layer is in direct contact with the surrounding environment.

Chemical Mediators on Skin

Sebum is a chemical mediator secreted onto the skin that inhibits the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are also called white blood cells and are a category of cells that play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms (immunity).

Types of Immunity

Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs when antibodies are transferred to a susceptible individual through exposure to an antigen.
Artificially acquired passive immunity occurs when antibodies are deliberately injected into a susceptible individual.
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when an individual is exposed to a pathogen.
Artificially acquired active immunity occurs when a person receives vaccines.

Antigenic definition

An antigen is something foreign in the body that elicits an antibody response and can combine with antibodies.

Types of Vaccines

Attenuated whole-agent vaccines use weakened microorganisms or viruses to stimulate an immune response, generally offering lifelong immunity.

Penicillin Discovery

The individual who first identified penicillin was Alexander Fleming.

Drug Resistance and Antimicrobial Agents

Microbial resistance to antibiotics develops when antibiotics are indiscriminately used or taken after symptoms disappear.
Drug resistance can be overcome by using multiple antimicrobial drugs in synergy.

Types of Pathogens and Microbial Agents

Fungi are a type of pathogen targeted by antifungal agents.

Combining Antibiotics

Using two antibiotics together isn't always an improvement because they can cause drug resistance or toxicity.

True or False Statements About Immunity

Review the statement, determine if it's true or false, and note why.

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Description

Test your knowledge on microbiology concepts including E. coli, hospital-acquired infections, and infectious disease emergence. This quiz covers important definitions and principles such as Koch's Postulates and the types of infections. Challenge yourself to understand the nuances of microbial interactions and diseases.