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The ______ is the process in which cells divide into two identical cells.
The ______ is the process in which cells divide into two identical cells.
mitosis
Binary fission is the process of ______ reproduction in bacteria.
Binary fission is the process of ______ reproduction in bacteria.
bacterial
A ______ cell is one that does not have a nucleus.
A ______ cell is one that does not have a nucleus.
prokaryotic
Inflammation involves the ______ of blood vessels.
Inflammation involves the ______ of blood vessels.
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______ is the process where macrophages and dendritic cells engulf foreign substances and destroy them.
______ is the process where macrophages and dendritic cells engulf foreign substances and destroy them.
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Short filaments called ______ move fluid over a surface.
Short filaments called ______ move fluid over a surface.
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The characteristics of a microbe that allow it to cause disease are known as ______.
The characteristics of a microbe that allow it to cause disease are known as ______.
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A ______ is an organism capable of causing disease.
A ______ is an organism capable of causing disease.
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______ cells are responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign invaders in our body.
______ cells are responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign invaders in our body.
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Besides patient health status and portal of entry, ______ and viral load are also crucial factors in the severity of an infection.
Besides patient health status and portal of entry, ______ and viral load are also crucial factors in the severity of an infection.
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The ______ response of the immune system involves the creation of antibodies and the activation of T cells.
The ______ response of the immune system involves the creation of antibodies and the activation of T cells.
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Flagella and cilia are structures that allow microorganisms to ______.
Flagella and cilia are structures that allow microorganisms to ______.
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An opportunistic infection occurs when a normal flora microorganism enters a new area of the body or when the host's ______ is compromised.
An opportunistic infection occurs when a normal flora microorganism enters a new area of the body or when the host's ______ is compromised.
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______ reproduction occurs when cells make identical copies of themselves.
______ reproduction occurs when cells make identical copies of themselves.
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The ______ is the minimum concentration of an antibiotic needed to stop bacterial growth and reproduction.
The ______ is the minimum concentration of an antibiotic needed to stop bacterial growth and reproduction.
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A person who is asymptomatic but can still transmit a disease is known as a ______.
A person who is asymptomatic but can still transmit a disease is known as a ______.
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A ______ is a contamination leading to illness of many people in the same locale.
A ______ is a contamination leading to illness of many people in the same locale.
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An ______ will act as a reservoir of infection.
An ______ will act as a reservoir of infection.
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When a pathogen is inside the vector's body, such as a mosquito carrying malaria, this is known as ______ transmission.
When a pathogen is inside the vector's body, such as a mosquito carrying malaria, this is known as ______ transmission.
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Antibiotics that kill bacteria are referred to as ______.
Antibiotics that kill bacteria are referred to as ______.
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______ are antibiotics that stop the growing and reproduction of bacteria.
______ are antibiotics that stop the growing and reproduction of bacteria.
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The total amount of viruses in your body is known as your ______.
The total amount of viruses in your body is known as your ______.
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The dilatation of blood vessels allowing the passage of fluid antibodies, and WBCs into the infected body area is known as ______.
The dilatation of blood vessels allowing the passage of fluid antibodies, and WBCs into the infected body area is known as ______.
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Which of the following are necessary for energy production within the mitochondria of a cell? 1- glucose 2-______
Which of the following are necessary for energy production within the mitochondria of a cell? 1- glucose 2-______
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A disease that is not ______ and dormant until conditions are favorable for it to reproduce again is going through a period of latency
A disease that is not ______ and dormant until conditions are favorable for it to reproduce again is going through a period of latency
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Nasal specimens are indicated for all of the following except: ______ infections
Nasal specimens are indicated for all of the following except: ______ infections
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Which of the following is not a safe injection practice? Placing a used syringe on the ______ bedside table
Which of the following is not a safe injection practice? Placing a used syringe on the ______ bedside table
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Resident flora are easily removed by ______ hygiene?
Resident flora are easily removed by ______ hygiene?
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Appropriate interventions for patients with airborne precautions include standard precautions, gloves and gown, negative pressure room, and a ______ tested mask
Appropriate interventions for patients with airborne precautions include standard precautions, gloves and gown, negative pressure room, and a ______ tested mask
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The presence of microorganism without any tissue reaction is referred to as ______.
The presence of microorganism without any tissue reaction is referred to as ______.
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A person infected with Giardia should be treated with fluids, electrolytes, and antimicrobial such as ______.
A person infected with Giardia should be treated with fluids, electrolytes, and antimicrobial such as ______.
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Which type of organism removal is performed on surgical instruments to completely destroy all microorganisms? ______.
Which type of organism removal is performed on surgical instruments to completely destroy all microorganisms? ______.
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Irrigating a patient's wound with sterile water to remove dirt and other foreign matter is an example of ______.
Irrigating a patient's wound with sterile water to remove dirt and other foreign matter is an example of ______.
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Thickened, discolored, brittle nails are indicative of ______.
Thickened, discolored, brittle nails are indicative of ______.
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Which of the following describes the glutaraldehyde group of disinfecting and sterilizing agents? They are ______, tuberculocidal, and fungicidal.
Which of the following describes the glutaraldehyde group of disinfecting and sterilizing agents? They are ______, tuberculocidal, and fungicidal.
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Gamma irradiation can be used to inhibit microorganism growth on ______.
Gamma irradiation can be used to inhibit microorganism growth on ______.
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A risk factor for contracting tapeworm or hookworm is poor ______.
A risk factor for contracting tapeworm or hookworm is poor ______.
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Study Notes
Microbiology Midterm Exam Study Notes
- Kingdoms: Plantae, animals, fungi, and protists
- Mitosis: Cell division resulting in two identical cells
- Binary Fission: Bacteria reproduction where the cell copies its DNA and organelles, then divides.
- Inflammation: Blood vessel dilation allowing fluid, antibodies, and WBCs to enter infected areas.
- Phagocytosis: Process where macrophages and dendritic cells engulf and destroy foreign materials.
- Virulence: Microbe characteristics that cause disease.
- Infection Severity Factors: Patient health, viral load, pathogen virulence, and entry point.
- Microbial Movement: Flagella and cilia are used for movement.
- Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Fundamental differences include the presence or absence of a nucleus.
- Microbiology: Study of organisms not visible to the naked eye.
- Pathogenic: Ability of an organism to cause disease.
- Opportunistic Infections: Occur when normal flora infect areas outside their natural habitat.
- Viruses: Infectious particles with DNA or RNA surrounded by protein, requiring host cells to reproduce.
- Prions: Infectious proteins that cause diseases by inducing abnormal protein folding in cells.
- Sterile Sources: Urine, blood, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
- Nucleus: Controls cellular processes.
- Mitochondria: Produces ATP (energy).
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Normal Flora: Microorganisms typically found in the body without causing disease.
- Staphylococcus epidermidis: Found on skin, mouth, and nose.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli): Found in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Opportunistic Infections: Normal flora causing infection in abnormal locations or when host immunity is compromised.
- E. coli Urinary Tract Infections: E. coli from the anal area entering the urethra.
- Eukaryotic Cell: Includes a nucleus, cytoplasm, nucleolus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
- Prokaryotic Cell: Lacks a nucleus, has a cell membrane, cell wall, and sometimes a capsule.
- Pathogen: Organism capable of causing disease.
- Phagocytes: Cells that engulf foreign material.
- Immune System: Protects the body.
- Innate Response: The body's first line of defense, including protective barriers.
- Adaptive Response: Cellular response recognizing pathogens and activating T and B cells producing antibodies.
- Asexual Reproduction: Cells making identical copies without other cells involved.
- Bacterial Shapes: Cocci (round), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
- Simple Staining: Visualizing cell shapes and arrangements.
- Gram Staining: Based on cell wall characteristics.
- Culture Steps: Quadrants, plating, incubating and isolating.
- Disk Diffusion: Qualitative drug concentration identification.
- Broth Dilution: Quantitative drug concentration measurement.
- MIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration (lowest drug concentration stopping bacterial growth).
- MBC: Minimum bactericidal concentration (lowest drug concentration killing bacteria).
- Virology: Study of viruses.
- Parasitology: Study of parasites.
- Mycology: Study of fungi.
- Autoclave: Uses steam and pressure for sterilization
- Carriers: Asymptomatically transmit disease.
- Transmission Routes: Contact, common vehicle, airborne, vector(through organisms like insects).
- Common Vehicle: Contamination leading to many people getting sick.
- Airborne: Spread through aerosols.
- Vector: Organism carrying a pathogen.
- Biological Vector: Pathogens replicate in vectors.
- Mechanical Vector: Pathogens don't replicate in vectors.
- Bacteriostatics: Inhibit bacteria’s growth.
- Bactericidal: Kills bacteria.
- Broad Spectrum: Targets many types of bacteria.
- Narrow Spectrum: Targets specific types of bacteria.
- Viral load: The amount of viruses in the body.
- CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Epidemiology: Study of disease patterns.
- Cell structure in prokaryotes: DNA, cell wall, and cell membrane.
- Microorganism Removal Methods: Sterilization (killing all microorganisms) and decontamination (removing harmful microorganisms).
- Dimorphic Fungi: Change forms (yeast or mold).
- Sterilization: Killing all microorganisms; methods include heat, chemicals and radiation
- Disinfection/ Decontamination: Removal of harmful microorganisms
- Gamma Irradiation: Used to inhibit microbial growth.
- Chemical Disinfectants: Examples include glutaraldehyde.
- Heat Treatment: Lowering the heat, lessons time needs to kill the microbes
- Parasitic Development Stages: Eggs, larvae, cysts, and trophozoites.
- Nasal specimens: Not used for sinus infections.
- Safe Injection Practices: Prevention of contamination.
- Throat Culture: Collect swab from tonsils/pharynx.
- Resident Flora Removal: Hand hygiene not completely removing flora
- Standard Precautions: Basic hygiene measures.
- Negative Pressure Rooms: Prevention of airborne pathogen transmission.
Additional topics
- Specific tests
- Causative agents
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Description
Prepare for your midterm exam in microbiology with these comprehensive study notes. Cover essential topics such as cell division, microbial movement, and the characteristics of pathogens. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
