Microbiology Midterm Exam PDF

MICROBIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM  Kingdoms = Plantae, animals , fungi and protist What is mitosis? It's the process in which cell divided in Z identical cells. What is binary fusion = process of bacteria reproduction cell copies DNA and organelles divided cytoplasm; splits in half What is inflammatio...

MICROBIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM  Kingdoms = Plantae, animals , fungi and protist What is mitosis? It's the process in which cell divided in Z identical cells. What is binary fusion = process of bacteria reproduction cell copies DNA and organelles divided cytoplasm; splits in half What is inflammation = process were we have dilation of blood vessels What is phagocytosis? It's the process where macrophases and dendritic cell got something does not belong to us and they destroyed What is virulence? They are characteristics of microbe to create disease Which are the determinant factors in the severity of an infection? What make and infection severe? Patient health status, dose/viral load, pathogen ( virulence) and portal of entry What kind of structures, microorganisms use to move? How are they different? Flagella and cilia Prokaryotes /Eukaryote, primary differences and which organisms goes with which one. Microbiology = it's the study of organism that canno+ be seen by named eye. Pathogenic = ability to create disease Opportunistic infection= an infection goes from original area to another place Viruses = are infection particle made by genetic material like DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein capsid they required a host cell in order to reproduce Prions = you can get infected by inhibit, eating contaminated food, contaminated transplant, contaminated instruments  Sterile sources= urine, blood, CSF ( cerebral spinal fluid. Nucleus: The control center o. f the cell, containing DNA and regulating all cellular processes. Mitochondria The oxygerhouse of the cell responsible for producing ATP (energy) through cellular respiration Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis. Normal Flora : Microorganisms that are typically found in our bodies and do not cause disease. Examples: Staphylococcus epidermidis: Found on skin, mouth, nose, and throat. Escherichia coli (E. coli): Found in the gastrointestinal tract. Opportunistic Infections: Occur when normal flora enter a place where they don't belong or when a person's ' immune system is compromised. Examples: E. coli urinary tract infections: E. coli from the anal area enters the urethra, causing infection. Eukaryotes cell = has a cell membrane, has nucleus, cytoplasm, nucleolus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus Prokaryotes cell = they are anucleate moaning they do not have a nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, they have a capsule of slime layer to increase resistance to antibacterial agents: cilia= short filaments that move fluid over a surface. flagella= long filaments that provide motility for the cell. Pathogen : capable of causing disease Phagocytes = calls that eat everything that does not belong to our body, these can be the macrophages and Dendritic cell Y Immune system has 3 lines of defense: protective barriers, circulatory or bloodstream - response, and innate, adaptive response., - Innate response = they are the protective barriers and circulatory or bloodstream response Adaptive response= cellular mediated (these recognizes pathogen and activates T cell), humoral response( T cells interact with B cells that produce antibodies and antibodies destroy antigen) Asexual reproduction = cells make identical copies of themselves; no involvement of another cell Basic Shapes of bacteria =. Cocci = round or spherical shape D D. bacilli = rod-shaped. -. Spirella= spiral - Me O Me  Simple staining = allows you to see the shape and arrangement Gran staining = depends on the call wall characteristics Steps for culture = 1- 4 quadrats 2- Plate in incubator 3- place in incubator outside down 4- re isolate - subculture Disk diffusion= provides qualitative information Broth dilution = provides quantitative information identify concentration of drug needed; MIC ( minimal inhibitory concentration )= minimal concentration in which antibiotic is able to stop the growing and reproduction of the bacteria MBC ( minimum bactericidal concentration) I concentration kills the Bacteria Virology = study of viruses Parasitology= study of parasites Mycology = study of fungi Autoclave = uses steam and pressure to sterilize Carriers = asymptomatic, but spread disease to others Routes of transmission. contact ( direct or indirect) common vehicle airbone vector  Common vehicle = contamination leading to illness of many people in same locale Airborne = aerosol floats in air and is inhaled by another person Vector = organism that act as reservoir of infection Vector transmission 1- biological = pathogen inside vector’s body like mosquito as carrier of malaria Z- mechanical pathogen outside vector’s body like fly walks of food Bacterioutics = are antibiotics that stop the growing and reproduction of bacteria Bacterisaid= anti antibiotics that really kills the bacteria Broad spectrum= use before having the results. Narrow spectrum = target a specific bacteria Viral load = is the total amount of viruses you have in your body the greater the number the sickeast the patient. CDC = center force control, and prevention Epidemiology = science that deals with the disease pattern and control prevention Which of the following are found in prokayotics cells? 1- DNA 2- cell wall 3- cell membrane The dilatation of blood vessels allowing the passage of fluid antibodies, and WBCs in to the infected body area is know as inflammation The adaptive immune response includes: The cell mediated immune response and the humoral immune response  Which of the following are necessary for energy production within the mitochondria of a cell? I-glucose 2-oxygen All of the following are function of the cell membrane except: maintaining cell shape Which of the following are example of protective barriers? Oil and sweat on skin, phagocytes, normal digestive flora, white blood calls Characteristics of binary fission: The cell divides its DNA and other Organelles, it is a form of asexual reproduction, the cell divides itself in half. Rules for naming bacteria: 1- the genus and species names are italicized Z- the genus is capitalized and written first The species names is given to a group with similar characteristics? False Which of the following's characteristic of a virus? Uses the host Cell'S reproductive system What is a consequence of untreated tapeworm? Seizures Which of the following are characteristics of a mold? Require food, air, warmth, moisture, and darkness to grow. Are multicellular colonies of intertwined hyphae. The presence of microorganism without any tissue reaction is referred to as contamination A person infected with Giardia should be treated with: fluids, electrolytes, and anti microbial such as metromlazolo An autoclave combines the use of heat and pressure to produce the most efficient method of sterilization Red scaly session with loss of hair = tinea capitis Cracking and peeling skin between the toes = tinea pedis Ring shaped skin lesion with red raised border = tinea corpis Thickened, Discolored, brittle nails = tinea ungvium Which of the following are the most important consideration when selecting a method of microorganism removal? I- The number and type of microorganism 2- enviromontel conditions such as temperature How are protozoan infections contracted? 1- directly through the skin 2- ingestion of contaminated water From insect bites Aspergillus is a mold that causes an allergic reaction when its sports are inhaled? True After a disaster residents may be advised to boil water for 15 minutes before drinking to improve the taste? False Effective again gram positive, gram negative, and acid fast bacteria: Alcohol. A mild antiseptic for wound cleaning = hydrogen peroxide Commonly used for cleaning instruments and general housekeeping = phenols A diluted liquid from is recommended to clean up blood spills = chlorine What is a risk factor For contracting tape worm or hookworm? Poor sanitation  What characteristics do dimorphic fungi share? I- they appear either as yeast or mold forming hyphae and sports 2- they cause infection when sports are inhaled Which type of organism removal is perform on surgical instruments to completely destroy all microorganism? Sterilization Irrigating a patient's wound with sterile water to remove dirt and other foreign matter is an example of decontamination Gamma irradiation can be used to inhibit microorganism growth on fruits and vegetables? True Which of the following describe the glutadehyde group of disinfecting and sterilizing agents? 1- bactericidal, tuberculocidal, and fungicidal 2- virucidal and sporicidal after appropriate length of exposure 3- widely used for cleaning surgical instruments and equipment parts 4- can cause skin irritation The use of heat lessons the amount of time needed to disinfect or sterilize medical instruments? True A disease that is not active and dormant until conditions are favorable for it to reproduce again is going through a period of latency Stages of parasitic development: Eggs = ova Immature form= larvae Dormant form= cyst Motile, multiplying form= throphozoite  Nasal specimens and indicated for all of the following except: sinus infections Which of the following is not a safe injection practice? Placing a used syringe on the patient bedside table / When collecting a throat culture, swab both tonsils and the back of the mouth do not swab the tongue sides of the mouth or uvula Resident flora are easily removed by hand hygiene? False Appropriate interventions for patient with airbone precautions Standard precautions Gloves and gown Negative pressure room Fit tested mask Which of the following are true regarding infections waste? 1- infectious waste may be actual body fluid or items that have come in contact with body fluids 2- infectious waste causes human disease if improperly handled What information must be documented when collecting a specimen? I- date and time of collection 2- sources/ site of Collection When to wear globes: while performing wound care, when drawing blood for labowork Which of the following are example of pathogens being spread through direct contact I- kissing someone who has mononucleosis 2- a patient diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease.