Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which process of reproduction is common in most bacteria?
Which process of reproduction is common in most bacteria?
- Mitosis
- Budding
- Binary fission (correct)
- Meiosis
What is the temperature range for psychrophiles and their optimum temperature?
What is the temperature range for psychrophiles and their optimum temperature?
- 10 ° to 50 °, optimum between 20 ° and 40 °
- 45 ° and 80 °, optimum between 60 ° and 70 °
- -5 ° to 20 °, optimum between 15° and 35° (correct)
- 0 ° to 35 °, optimum less than 20 °
What type of bacteria live at high temperatures and are associated with volcanic activities or exposed directly to the sun?
What type of bacteria live at high temperatures and are associated with volcanic activities or exposed directly to the sun?
- Psychrophiles
- Mesophiles
- Thermophiles (correct)
- Hyperthermophiles
What is the target of Aminoglycosides antibiotics?
What is the target of Aminoglycosides antibiotics?
What is the generation time?
What is the generation time?
What is the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum in vitro?
What is the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum in vitro?
What is the cause of resistance to antiviral drugs?
What is the cause of resistance to antiviral drugs?
Which of the following is true about transduction?
Which of the following is true about transduction?
Which bacterial species produces an alginate mucous layer for adherence?
Which bacterial species produces an alginate mucous layer for adherence?
What gives Streptococcus pyogenes its adhesion ability?
What gives Streptococcus pyogenes its adhesion ability?
Which type of bacteria are naturally resistant to hydrophobic antibiotics?
Which type of bacteria are naturally resistant to hydrophobic antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
Which type of bacteria are sulfamidics effective against?
Which type of bacteria are sulfamidics effective against?
What is MRSA?
What is MRSA?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics caused by bacterial enzymes?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics caused by bacterial enzymes?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?
What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?
What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do?
What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do?
Which type of bacteria is Thiomargarita namibiensis?
Which type of bacteria is Thiomargarita namibiensis?
What is the function of the Mesosome in bacterial cells?
What is the function of the Mesosome in bacterial cells?
Which group of bacteria has teichoic acids in their cell walls?
Which group of bacteria has teichoic acids in their cell walls?
What is the main proposal to combat antimicrobial resistance mentioned in the text?
What is the main proposal to combat antimicrobial resistance mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a possible cause of antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following is a possible cause of antibiotic resistance?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most effective against?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most effective against?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What are the targets for penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics?
What are the targets for penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes and is capable of producing beta-lactamase to disrupt antibiotics?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes and is capable of producing beta-lactamase to disrupt antibiotics?
Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for inducing inflammation by promoting the release of acute phase cytokines?
Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for inducing inflammation by promoting the release of acute phase cytokines?
Which staining method can be used to visualize Mycobacteria despite the presence of waxes in their cell walls?
Which staining method can be used to visualize Mycobacteria despite the presence of waxes in their cell walls?
What is the function of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
What is the function of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?
What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?
What is the mode of action of chloramphenicol?
What is the mode of action of chloramphenicol?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
What is the role of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the role of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the function of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the function of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the role of transglycosidase enzymes in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the role of transglycosidase enzymes in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the process by which bacteria transfer genes from one cell to another by cell-to-cell contact?
What is the process by which bacteria transfer genes from one cell to another by cell-to-cell contact?
What is the optimal growth temperature range for thermophilic bacteria?
What is the optimal growth temperature range for thermophilic bacteria?
What is the temperature range for psychrophiles?
What is the temperature range for psychrophiles?
Which type of bacteria are responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which type of bacteria are responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes and is capable of producing beta-lactamase to disrupt antibiotics?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes and is capable of producing beta-lactamase to disrupt antibiotics?
Which bacterial species is the world's largest bacteria, found in the ocean sediments of the coast of Namibia?
Which bacterial species is the world's largest bacteria, found in the ocean sediments of the coast of Namibia?
Which type of bacteria has teichoic acids in their cell walls that promote adhesion to target tissue and have antigenic properties?
Which type of bacteria has teichoic acids in their cell walls that promote adhesion to target tissue and have antigenic properties?
Which type of bacteria has a spiral form and a cell membrane without sterols, but with terpenoids that stabilize and compact it?
Which type of bacteria has a spiral form and a cell membrane without sterols, but with terpenoids that stabilize and compact it?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of bacteria?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of bacteria?
What is the role of protein F and lipotheic acid in Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion?
What is the role of protein F and lipotheic acid in Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion?
What is transduction in bacteria?
What is transduction in bacteria?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
Which antibiotic is used in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which antibiotic is used in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the spectrum of activity of rifampicin?
What is the spectrum of activity of rifampicin?
What is the mode of action of tetracyclines?
What is the mode of action of tetracyclines?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most effective against?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most effective against?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides?
What is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
What is the target of Macrolides antibiotics?
What is the target of Macrolides antibiotics?
Which bacterial strain requires a small number of cells to begin an infection?
Which bacterial strain requires a small number of cells to begin an infection?
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
What is the spectrum of activity of sulfamidics?
What is the spectrum of activity of sulfamidics?
What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolones?
What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolones?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the key difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the key difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the function of Lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the function of Lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the main function of Mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
What is the main function of Mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
What is the primary staining used in the Gram staining technique?
What is the primary staining used in the Gram staining technique?
Which temperature range do thermophiles live in?
Which temperature range do thermophiles live in?
What is the asexual process of reproduction in bacteria called?
What is the asexual process of reproduction in bacteria called?
Which type of bacteria are most microorganisms, including human pathogens?
Which type of bacteria are most microorganisms, including human pathogens?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of peptidoglycan monomers and the existing peptidoglycan in bacteria?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of peptidoglycan monomers and the existing peptidoglycan in bacteria?
What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria?
What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin against bacteria?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin against bacteria?
What is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?
What is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?
Which bacterial species is associated with adhesion to heart valves or catheters due to its alginate mucous layer?
Which bacterial species is associated with adhesion to heart valves or catheters due to its alginate mucous layer?
What is transduction in bacteria?
What is transduction in bacteria?
What are virulence factors?
What are virulence factors?
Which of the following antibiotics is effective against gram-positive cocci and urinary tract infections?
Which of the following antibiotics is effective against gram-positive cocci and urinary tract infections?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
Which type of bacteria are broad-spectrum quinolones active against?
Which type of bacteria are broad-spectrum quinolones active against?
What is MRSA?
What is MRSA?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of Vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of Vancomycin?
Which type of bacteria are aminoglycosides the first choice for treating?
Which type of bacteria are aminoglycosides the first choice for treating?
What is the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides?
What is the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides?
What is the main cause of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
What is the main cause of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most active against?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most active against?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the main characteristic of carbapenems compared to other beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the main characteristic of carbapenems compared to other beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic treatment?
Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic treatment?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs?
What is the minimum infective dose for enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli?
What is the minimum infective dose for enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli?
What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial agent?
What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial agent?
What is the world's largest bacteria and where is it found?
What is the world's largest bacteria and where is it found?
Which of the following bacteria are classified as cocci?
Which of the following bacteria are classified as cocci?
Which type of bacteria has a cell membrane without sterols, but with terpenoids that stabilize and compact it?
Which type of bacteria has a cell membrane without sterols, but with terpenoids that stabilize and compact it?
What is the composition of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?
What is the composition of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the external membrane?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the external membrane?
What is the endotoxin that characterizes the pathogenic feature of Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the endotoxin that characterizes the pathogenic feature of Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the function of mycolic acids in the cell wall structure of Mycobacteria?
What is the function of mycolic acids in the cell wall structure of Mycobacteria?
What is the primary staining agent used in Gram staining?
What is the primary staining agent used in Gram staining?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of chloramphenicol?
What is the spectrum of activity of chloramphenicol?
What is the mode of action of fusidic acid?
What is the mode of action of fusidic acid?
What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?
What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?
What is the role of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the role of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
What is the function of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the function of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is bacterial transformation?
What is bacterial transformation?
What is the process of asexual reproduction in bacteria called?
What is the process of asexual reproduction in bacteria called?
What is the temperature range for thermophiles?
What is the temperature range for thermophiles?
Which group of bacteria are responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which group of bacteria are responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which of the following is a mechanism of transduction?
Which of the following is a mechanism of transduction?
Which bacterial species produces an alginate mucous layer that allows the anchoring of bacteria to the cell surface, particularly in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other respiratory diseases?
Which bacterial species produces an alginate mucous layer that allows the anchoring of bacteria to the cell surface, particularly in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other respiratory diseases?
Which two constituents of bacteria can act as virulence factors?
Which two constituents of bacteria can act as virulence factors?
What is the main reason for the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
What is the main reason for the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
Which of the following antibiotics is active against most gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci?
Which of the following antibiotics is active against most gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci?
What is the general mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the general mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Carbapenems?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Carbapenems?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes and is capable of producing beta-lactamase to disrupt antibiotics?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes and is capable of producing beta-lactamase to disrupt antibiotics?
What is the endotoxin that characterizes the pathogenic feature of gram-negative bacteria?
What is the endotoxin that characterizes the pathogenic feature of gram-negative bacteria?
What is the primary staining used in Gram staining?
What is the primary staining used in Gram staining?
What is the function of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
What is the function of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a way to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Which of the following is NOT a way to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?
Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a way to classify bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a way to classify bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Which type of bacteria can begin an infection with only a small number of cells in the initial inoculum?
Which type of bacteria can begin an infection with only a small number of cells in the initial inoculum?
What is the principal mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs that involves enzymatic drug destruction or inactivation?
What is the principal mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs that involves enzymatic drug destruction or inactivation?
What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial agent?
What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial agent?
What is the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)?
What is the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin against Gram-positive bacteria?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin against Gram-positive bacteria?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics caused by mutations in the PBPs?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics caused by mutations in the PBPs?
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides against bacteria?
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides against bacteria?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
What is the mode of action of Spectinomycin?
What is the mode of action of Spectinomycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of Chloramphenicol?
What is the spectrum of activity of Chloramphenicol?
What is the mode of action of Macrolides?
What is the mode of action of Macrolides?
What is the mode of action of Rifampicin?
What is the mode of action of Rifampicin?
Which of the following antibiotics is effective against gram-positive cocci and urinary tract infections?
Which of the following antibiotics is effective against gram-positive cocci and urinary tract infections?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolones?
What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolones?
What is MRSA?
What is MRSA?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of the peptidoglycan monomers and the NAG and NAM of the existing peptidoglycan?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of the peptidoglycan monomers and the NAG and NAM of the existing peptidoglycan?
What is the role of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the role of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the function of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the function of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
Which process of gene transfer requires the presence of a sex pilus on the donor cell?
Which process of gene transfer requires the presence of a sex pilus on the donor cell?
What is binary fission in bacteria?
What is binary fission in bacteria?
What is the optimal growth temperature range for mesophilic bacteria?
What is the optimal growth temperature range for mesophilic bacteria?
Where are thermophilic bacteria commonly found?
Where are thermophilic bacteria commonly found?
What is the mode of action of Rifampicin against bacteria?
What is the mode of action of Rifampicin against bacteria?
Which antibiotic is used in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which antibiotic is used in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the spectrum of activity of Fusidic acid?
What is the spectrum of activity of Fusidic acid?
What is the common adverse effect of Tetracyclines?
What is the common adverse effect of Tetracyclines?
Which of the following is a virulence factor?
Which of the following is a virulence factor?
What is the mechanism of adhesion for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the mechanism of adhesion for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which of the following bacteria has adhesion ability given by protein F and lipotheic acid?
Which of the following bacteria has adhesion ability given by protein F and lipotheic acid?
Which type of bacteria requires a large number of cells in the inoculum to successfully infect a host?
Which type of bacteria requires a large number of cells in the inoculum to successfully infect a host?
What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial agent?
What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial agent?
What is the target of Aminoglycosides?
What is the target of Aminoglycosides?
What is the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)?
What is the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
Which type of bacteria are quinolones most effective against?
Which type of bacteria are quinolones most effective against?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the primary mechanism of resistance to quinolones and sulfonamides?
What is the primary mechanism of resistance to quinolones and sulfonamides?
What is the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics?
What is the world's largest bacteria found in ocean sediments of the coast of Namibia?
What is the world's largest bacteria found in ocean sediments of the coast of Namibia?
Which of the following bacterial species is NOT spherical (cocci)?
Which of the following bacterial species is NOT spherical (cocci)?
What is the function of teichoic acids in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?
What is the function of teichoic acids in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?
What is the difference between spirilla and spirochetes?
What is the difference between spirilla and spirochetes?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most active against?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most active against?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance according to the text?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance according to the text?
What is the key difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the key difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is Lipid A and how does it interact with the immune system?
What is Lipid A and how does it interact with the immune system?
What is the function of mycolic acids in the cell wall of Mycobacterium?
What is the function of mycolic acids in the cell wall of Mycobacterium?
What is the mode of action of lysozyme in bacteria?
What is the mode of action of lysozyme in bacteria?
What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
What is bacterial transformation?
What is bacterial transformation?
What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
What is the optimal temperature range for mesophilic bacteria?
What is the optimal temperature range for mesophilic bacteria?
What is the temperature range for psychrophiles?
What is the temperature range for psychrophiles?
What is the asexual process of reproduction in bacteria called?
What is the asexual process of reproduction in bacteria called?
Which type of bacterial transfer is referred to as transduction?
Which type of bacterial transfer is referred to as transduction?
What is the mechanism of adhesion for Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is the mechanism of adhesion for Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is the function of virulence factors in bacteria?
What is the function of virulence factors in bacteria?
What is the primary target of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the primary target of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a possible cause of antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following is a possible cause of antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following is a characteristic of carbapenems?
Which of the following is a characteristic of carbapenems?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria?
What is the target of Aminoglycosides like streptomycin and gentamicin?
What is the target of Aminoglycosides like streptomycin and gentamicin?
What is the minimum infective dose for enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli?
What is the minimum infective dose for enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli?
What is the principal mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs that involves rapid ejection of the drug?
What is the principal mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs that involves rapid ejection of the drug?
What is the difference between antibiotics and antimicrobial agents?
What is the difference between antibiotics and antimicrobial agents?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing hydrolytic enzymes and lithic factors of infection?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing hydrolytic enzymes and lithic factors of infection?
What is the endotoxin that characterizes the pathogenic feature of gram-negative bacteria?
What is the endotoxin that characterizes the pathogenic feature of gram-negative bacteria?
What is the primary function of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
What is the primary function of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
What is the primary function of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
What is the primary function of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?
Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a method for classifying bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a method for classifying bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of spiral-shaped bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of spiral-shaped bacteria?
What is the mode of action of quinolone antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of quinolone antibiotics?
What is the spectrum of activity of sulfonamide antimicrobials?
What is the spectrum of activity of sulfonamide antimicrobials?
What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolone antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolone antibiotics?
What is MRSA?
What is MRSA?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of chloramphenicol?
What is the spectrum of activity of chloramphenicol?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the formation of glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan monomers and the existing peptidoglycan?
Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the formation of glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan monomers and the existing peptidoglycan?
What is the process by which bacteria transfer genes from one cell to another by cell-to-cell contact?
What is the process by which bacteria transfer genes from one cell to another by cell-to-cell contact?
Which antibiotic is effective against Staphylococchi oxacillin-resistant and other gram+ resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which antibiotic is effective against Staphylococchi oxacillin-resistant and other gram+ resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which group of bacterial enzymes break the peptide cross-bridges that link the rows of sugars together in peptidoglycan synthesis?
Which group of bacterial enzymes break the peptide cross-bridges that link the rows of sugars together in peptidoglycan synthesis?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?
What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors?
Which of the following is NOT a step involved in bacterial growth via binary fission?
Which of the following is NOT a step involved in bacterial growth via binary fission?
Which type of bacteria lives at temperatures between -5°C and 20°C, and is responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which type of bacteria lives at temperatures between -5°C and 20°C, and is responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which type of bacteria lives at high temperatures between 45°C and 80°C, and is associated with volcanic activities or direct exposure to the sun?
Which type of bacteria lives at high temperatures between 45°C and 80°C, and is associated with volcanic activities or direct exposure to the sun?
Which bacteria is considered the world's largest?
Which bacteria is considered the world's largest?
Which type of bacteria is responsible for causing gonorrhea?
Which type of bacteria is responsible for causing gonorrhea?
What is the function of teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria?
What is the function of teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria?
What is the function of the mesosome in bacterial cells?
What is the function of the mesosome in bacterial cells?
Which of the following is a method of gene transfer in bacteria that occurs via a phage vector without cell-to-cell contact?
Which of the following is a method of gene transfer in bacteria that occurs via a phage vector without cell-to-cell contact?
Which bacterial strain is able to adhere to skin cells via pili and produce an alginate mucous layer that allows it to anchor to cell surfaces, particularly in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other respiratory diseases?
Which bacterial strain is able to adhere to skin cells via pili and produce an alginate mucous layer that allows it to anchor to cell surfaces, particularly in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other respiratory diseases?
Which bacterial strain has adhesion ability given by protein F and lipotheic acid on its surface?
Which bacterial strain has adhesion ability given by protein F and lipotheic acid on its surface?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial agent?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial agent?
What is the minimum number of cells required for Vibrio cholerae to successfully infect a host?
What is the minimum number of cells required for Vibrio cholerae to successfully infect a host?
What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the gastrointestinal tract?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes such as protease, lipase, and phosphatase?
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes such as protease, lipase, and phosphatase?
What is the function of Mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
What is the function of Mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the toxic part of LPS in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the toxic part of LPS in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
What is the mode of action of quinolones?
What is the spectrum of activity of sulfamidics?
What is the spectrum of activity of sulfamidics?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance in MRSA?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance in MRSA?
What is the mode of action of trimethoprim against bacteria?
What is the mode of action of trimethoprim against bacteria?
What is the primary difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the primary difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to β-lactam antibiotics?
What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to β-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following antibiotics is characterized by a rapid bactericidal action due to a faster crossing of porins D2 of the bacterial wall?
Which of the following antibiotics is characterized by a rapid bactericidal action due to a faster crossing of porins D2 of the bacterial wall?
What is the primary reason for the emergence of bacterial resistance to penicillins?
What is the primary reason for the emergence of bacterial resistance to penicillins?
Which antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of typhoid fever or bacterial meningitis due to its bone marrow toxicity?
Which antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of typhoid fever or bacterial meningitis due to its bone marrow toxicity?
Which antibiotic has a rare resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is used in the treatment of penicillin-resistant strains?
Which antibiotic has a rare resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is used in the treatment of penicillin-resistant strains?
Which antibiotic has a bactericidal effect and inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, making it most effective during cell division, and is used primarily in the treatment of tuberculosis?
Which antibiotic has a bactericidal effect and inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, making it most effective during cell division, and is used primarily in the treatment of tuberculosis?
Which antibiotic has a mode of action that involves inhibiting translocation, is broad-spectrum against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria, and has common resistance?
Which antibiotic has a mode of action that involves inhibiting translocation, is broad-spectrum against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria, and has common resistance?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics?
What is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides?
What is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of the peptidoglycan monomers and the NAG and NAM of the existing peptidoglycan?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of the peptidoglycan monomers and the NAG and NAM of the existing peptidoglycan?
What is the function of the capsule in many bacteria?
What is the function of the capsule in many bacteria?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin against Staphylococchi oxacillin-resistant and other gram+ bacteria?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin against Staphylococchi oxacillin-resistant and other gram+ bacteria?
What is the process of bacterial transformation?
What is the process of bacterial transformation?
Which of the following is NOT involved in bacterial growth through binary fission?
Which of the following is NOT involved in bacterial growth through binary fission?
Which type of bacteria is responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which type of bacteria is responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which of the following temperature ranges is optimal for mesophilic bacteria growth?
Which of the following temperature ranges is optimal for mesophilic bacteria growth?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is transduction in bacterial genetics?
What is transduction in bacterial genetics?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is the minimum infective dose required for enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli to begin an infection?
What is the minimum infective dose required for enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli to begin an infection?
What is the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum in antibiotic susceptibility testing?
What is the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum in antibiotic susceptibility testing?
What is the primary mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs that involves enzymatic drug destruction or inactivation?
What is the primary mechanism of resistance to antibacterial drugs that involves enzymatic drug destruction or inactivation?
What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the most common microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the most common microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following bacterial cell wall components is absent in Gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following bacterial cell wall components is absent in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the function of waxes in the cell wall structure of Mycobacteria?
What is the function of waxes in the cell wall structure of Mycobacteria?
What is the toxic part of LPS in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the toxic part of LPS in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the mode of action of beta-lactamase enzymes?
What is the mode of action of beta-lactamase enzymes?
Which group of bacteria is penicillin most active against?
Which group of bacteria is penicillin most active against?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria can become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism by which bacteria can become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of carbapenems?
Which of the following is a characteristic of carbapenems?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?
What is the mode of action of chloramphenicol?
What is the mode of action of chloramphenicol?
What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?
What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
Which of the following antibiotics inhibits DNA synthesis by binding to the A subunit of DNA gyrase in gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following antibiotics inhibits DNA synthesis by binding to the A subunit of DNA gyrase in gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following antimetabolite antimicrobials inhibits the synthesis of folic acid by binding the enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis in place of the natural substrate (PABA)?
Which of the following antimetabolite antimicrobials inhibits the synthesis of folic acid by binding the enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis in place of the natural substrate (PABA)?
What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim, methotrexate, and pyrimethamine?
What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim, methotrexate, and pyrimethamine?
What is MRSA?
What is MRSA?
Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?
Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to classify bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to classify bacteria?
What is the difference between spiral and cylindrical/rod-shaped bacteria?
What is the difference between spiral and cylindrical/rod-shaped bacteria?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of the peptidoglycan monomers and the NAG and NAM of the existing peptidoglycan?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds between the NAM and NAG of the peptidoglycan monomers and the NAG and NAM of the existing peptidoglycan?
What is the function of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the function of bactoprenol in peptidoglycan synthesis?
What is the mode of action of Vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of Vancomycin?
What is the process of bacterial transformation?
What is the process of bacterial transformation?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of vancomycin?
What is the main mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the main mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mesophilic bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mesophilic bacteria?
What is the temperature range for hyperthermophiles?
What is the temperature range for hyperthermophiles?
Which type of bacteria are responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
Which type of bacteria are responsible for the deterioration of chilled foods?
What is the target of Aminoglycosides?
What is the target of Aminoglycosides?
What is the difference between Antibiotics and Antimicrobial agents?
What is the difference between Antibiotics and Antimicrobial agents?
What is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)?
What is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)?
What is the primary cause of the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant organisms?
What is the primary cause of the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant organisms?
Which type of antibiotic inhibits DNA synthesis by binding to the A subunit of DNA gyrase in bacteria?
Which type of antibiotic inhibits DNA synthesis by binding to the A subunit of DNA gyrase in bacteria?
Which type of bacteria are naturally resistant to hydrophobic antibiotics due to their external wall?
Which type of bacteria are naturally resistant to hydrophobic antibiotics due to their external wall?
Which type of antimicrobial inhibits the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria by binding to the enzyme involved in the process?
Which type of antimicrobial inhibits the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria by binding to the enzyme involved in the process?
What is the mode of action of trimethoprim, methotrexate, and pyrimethamine in bacteria?
What is the mode of action of trimethoprim, methotrexate, and pyrimethamine in bacteria?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance due to heavy use of penicillin?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance due to heavy use of penicillin?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most active against?
Which type of bacteria are penicillins most active against?
Which antibiotics are known to cause antagonism when used together?
Which antibiotics are known to cause antagonism when used together?
What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to β-lactam antibiotics?
What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to β-lactam antibiotics?
What is transduction in bacteria?
What is transduction in bacteria?
What is the function of virulence factors in bacteria?
What is the function of virulence factors in bacteria?
How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhere to skin cells?
How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhere to skin cells?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the glycosidic bonds between the peptidoglycan monomers at the point of growth along the existing peptidoglycan?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the glycosidic bonds between the peptidoglycan monomers at the point of growth along the existing peptidoglycan?
What is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?
What is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin against bacteria?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin against bacteria?
Which type of bacteria does not have peptidoglycan?
Which type of bacteria does not have peptidoglycan?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of chloramphenicol?
What is the spectrum of activity of chloramphenicol?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
What is the mode of action of rifampicin?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to classify bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to classify bacteria?
Which of the following bacterial species is NOT cylindrical/rod-shaped?
Which of the following bacterial species is NOT cylindrical/rod-shaped?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
What is the function of the mesosome in bacteria?
What is the function of the mesosome in bacteria?
What is the main difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the main difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the function of Lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the function of Lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the role of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
What is the role of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
What is the primary staining agent used in Gram staining?
What is the primary staining agent used in Gram staining?
What is the mode of action of Vancomycin?
What is the mode of action of Vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Reproduction
- Binary fission is the common process of reproduction in most bacteria.
Bacterial Temperature Ranges
- Psychrophiles have a temperature range of 0-10°C and an optimal temperature of 2-5°C.
- Thermophiles have a temperature range of 50-80°C and are associated with volcanic activities or exposed directly to the sun.
Antibiotics
- Aminoglycosides target the 30S ribosomal subunit.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum in vitro.
- Quinolones target the enzyme DNA gyrase.
- Sulfamidics are effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
- Vancomycin targets the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall.
- Beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam, inhibit the action of beta-lactamase enzymes.
Bacterial Structure and Function
- Mesosomes are cell membrane infoldings that increase the surface area for cellular respiration.
- The Gram-negative bacterial cell wall contains Lipid A, which induces inflammation.
- Peptidoglycan is a key component of bacterial cell walls that provides structural support.
- Transglycosidase enzymes catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan monomers.
- Bactoprenol is a carrier lipid that plays a role in peptidoglycan synthesis.
Bacterial Infections and Resistance
- MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
- The primary cause of antibiotic resistance is the overuse and misuse of antibiotics.
- Beta-lactamase production is a mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
- Aminoglycoside resistance can occur due to mutations in the ribosomal binding site.
Other Bacterial Facts
- Thiomargarita namibiensis is a type of bacteria that produces sulfur compounds.
- Streptococcus pyogenes has a M protein that gives it adhesion ability.
- Some bacteria have teichoic acids in their cell walls, which promote adhesion to target tissue and have antigenic properties.
- Some bacteria have a spiral form and a cell membrane without sterols, but with terpenoids that stabilize and compact it.
Virulence Factors
- Virulence factors are molecules that contribute to the pathogenicity of bacteria.
- Examples of virulence factors include protein F and lipotheic acid in Streptococcus pyogenes.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
- Conjugation is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which bacteria transfer genes from one cell to another through direct cell-to-cell contact.
- Transformation is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment.
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