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Questions and Answers
What type of infections can Rabies cause?
What type of infections can Rabies cause?
All Archaea are known to cause diseases in humans.
All Archaea are known to cause diseases in humans.
False
What is the primary composition of a bacterial cell wall?
What is the primary composition of a bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
The process by which a bacterium acquires naked DNA from its environment is called ______.
The process by which a bacterium acquires naked DNA from its environment is called ______.
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Match the following bacteria with their associated diseases:
Match the following bacteria with their associated diseases:
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Which of the following describes a feature of the S form of bacteria?
Which of the following describes a feature of the S form of bacteria?
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What is the function of ribosomes in bacteria?
What is the function of ribosomes in bacteria?
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Conjugation in bacteria does not involve direct cell-to-cell contact.
Conjugation in bacteria does not involve direct cell-to-cell contact.
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Bacterial transformation can acquire DNA through ______.
Bacterial transformation can acquire DNA through ______.
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Study Notes
Microscopic Infectious Agents
- Too small to be seen with the naked eye
- Include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and protozoans
- Examples: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Brucella
Microbial/Bacterial Load
- Minimum number of microbes required to induce pathogenicity
Virulence Factors Mediated by Bacteriophage
- Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria
- They can transfer virulence genes, making bacteria more pathogenic
- Example: Diphtheria toxin, which is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheria
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)
- The transfer of genetic material between organisms that are not related by descent
- It allows bacteria to rapidly evolve and acquire new traits
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Types of HGT:
- Transduction: transfer of genetic material by a bacteriophage
- Conjugation: direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via a pilus
- Transformation: uptake of naked DNA by a bacterium
Bacterial Transformation
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Requirements:
- Competent bacteria: Bacteria that can take up naked DNA.
- Naked DNA: DNA that is not inside a virus or other cellular structure.
- Recipient bacteria: Bacteria that receives the naked DNA.
Domains of Life
- The three domains of life are Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.
Archaea
- Prokaryotic organisms that are often found in extreme environments.
- Classified by their adaptation to extreme environments:
- Alkaliphiles: High pH (low hydrogen concentration)
- Halophiles: High salt concentration
- Acidophiles: Low pH (high hydrogen concentration)
- Thermophiles: High temperature
- Capnophiles: High carbon dioxide concentration
- No disease-causing Archaea are known.
Bacteria
- Prokaryotic organisms with a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
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Key features:
- Nucleoid fold: Site of genetic material.
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis (70s).
- Cell membrane: Present.
- DNA: Double-stranded circular.
- Plasmid: Extrachromosomal DNA.
- Mode of reproduction: Binary fission.
Eukarya
- Organisms with cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Include fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals.
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Key features:
- DNA is housed within a nucleus.
- 80s ribosomes.
- Membrane-bound organelles.
- Sexual reproduction.
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Description
This quiz covers microscopic infectious agents, including their types and the concept of microbial load. It also explores virulence factors mediated by bacteriophages and the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, such as transduction, conjugation, and transformation. Test your understanding of these essential microbiological concepts.
