Microbiology: HACEK and Brucellosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which feature is characteristic of Cardiobacterium species?

  • They are capnophilic and require CO2 for growth. (correct)
  • They do not form any visible colonies on agar.
  • They are strictly motile gram positive rods.
  • They prefer aerobic conditions for growth.

What is true regarding Eikenella corrodens?

  • It is primarily associated with respiratory infections.
  • It can thrive in highly aerobic environments.
  • It is a common agent of strong odor infections. (correct)
  • It is known for causing infections in healthy hosts.

What distinguishes the HACEK group of bacteria?

  • They are fastidious and have difficulty growing in artificial media. (correct)
  • They are all gram positive bacilli.
  • They are all non-pathogenic to humans.
  • They generally do not cause heart valve infections.

What describes Kingella spatialis?

<p>It is often implicated in lacerations from clenched-fist injuries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic behavior is typical for H.influenzae?

<p>It generally exists as part of the human oral microbiota. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical area do the HACEK group of organisms frequently affect?

<p>Heart valves leading to vegetations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Aggregatibacter species primarily colonize?

<p>As part of the normal oral and nasal cavity flora. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following HACEK organisms is known for commonly being part of throat flora?

<p>Kingella kingae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of brucellosis?

<p>Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of brucellosis is characterized by symptoms like arthritis and undulating fever?

<p>Sub-chronic or undulant phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biosafety level for brucellosis?

<p>Biosafety Level 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subsp. of tularemia is associated with rabbits and hares?

<p>Type A-East (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory test can be used for diagnosing brucellosis?

<p>Castañeda bottle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of the chronic form of brucellosis that appears after one year of exposure?

<p>Chronic fatigue syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Gram stain characteristic of the bacteria causing brucellosis?

<p>Gram (-) intracellular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the typical host for Type A-West of tularemia?

<p>Arid regions of Rocky Mountains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agar is used for isolating Haemophilus ducreyi?

<p>Chocolate Agar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive porphyrin test indicate in the context of heme-producing Haemophilus species?

<p>Negative X factor strip test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Pasteurella species?

<p>Motile rods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Brucella species classified as?

<p>Facultative intracellular parasite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is specifically associated with Pasteurella infections in humans?

<p>Pasteurellosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the bacteria mentioned in the context?

<p>They do not ferment carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical odor released by colonies of Haemophilus ducreyi?

<p>Bleach-like (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Bordetella species is specifically noted as non-toxigenic?

<p>B. parapertussis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Brucella spp.?

<p>Aerosol transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of staining is typically associated with Pasteurella species?

<p>Bipolar staining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the pertussis toxin binds to lactosylceramide on respiratory cells?

<p>S2 subunit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is the term 'school of red fish' used?

<p>To describe H. ducreyi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor inhibits the growth of B. pertussis in media?

<p>Fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the S1 portion of pertussis toxin in relation to cell regulation?

<p>It has ADP-ribosylating activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the disease caused by Pasteurella species related to animal bites/scratches?

<p>Pasteurellosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of B. pertussis?

<p>It is inhibited by sulfides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Bordetella species is noted for being motile?

<p>B. bronchiseptica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant property of B. pertussis in terms of isolation media requirements?

<p>It requires protective substances such as charcoal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Franciella sp. characterized as?

<p>Gram negative coccobacilli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease most commonly associated with Franciella tularensis?

<p>Tularemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of transmission does NOT apply to Tularemia?

<p>Transfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the drug of choice (DOC) for treating Tularemia?

<p>Gentamicin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subclade of Franciella is most commonly associated with ulcer formation?

<p>F.tularensis subsp tularensis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT true about Franciella species?

<p>They are spore forming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection involves lymphadenopathy but is rarely fatal?

<p>Glandular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Franciella species are predominantly found in which regions?

<p>Upper Mississippi River and high rainfall areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

<p>Motile with polar or polar tufted flagella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these diseases is caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

<p>Ecthyma gangrenosum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

<p>Airborne infection through droplets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

<p>Pyocyanin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause in humans?

<p>All four basic forms of infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key laboratory characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed under a microscope?

<p>Medium-sized rod shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is closely associated with the term 'Whitmore disease'?

<p>Burkholderia pseudomallei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions is correct regarding the growth behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

<p>Good growth at 42C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

HACEK group

Group of bacteria that are fastidious, non-motile, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacilli normally found in the throat, oral and nasal cavity.

Cardiobacterium

A genus of fastidious, non-motile, pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli that are part of normal flora of the throat, oral, and nasal cavity.

Cardiobacterium hominis

The most common species in the Cardiobacterium genus, known for its role in causing infective endocarditis.

Kingella

A genus of fastidious, gram-negative bacilli known for causing infections particularly in the context of clenched-fist injuries.

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Kingella kingae

A species within the Kingella genus, commonly found in the oral and intestinal cavities.

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Eikenella corrodens

A bacterium from the HACEK group known to cause infections often associated with clenched-fist injuries.

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Dysgonic growth

A common feature of HACEK bacteria, describing their growth characteristics in artificial media.

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Vegetations

Abnormal growths on heart valves caused by bacteria, often observed in infections related to the HACEK group.

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Francisella tularensis

A bacterial species responsible for tularemia, a zoonotic disease spread through various routes like contact with infected tissue, insect bites, or inhalation.

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Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica

A bacterial species, a subspecies of Francisella tularensis, commonly found in the northern regions (arctic or similar). Its name reflects its geographic distribution.

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Ulceroglandular tularemia

A type of tularemia characterized by an ulcer at the site of infection and subsequent swelling of lymph nodes.

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Glandular tularemia

A type of tularemia that solely affects the lymph nodes. It rarely results in death.

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Tularemia

A zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis, primarily transmitted through contact with infected animals, insect bites, or contaminated food.

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Gentamicin

The primary drug of choice for treating tularemia infections.

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Francisella spp.

Small, gram-negative bacteria with a coccobacillus shape, known for their faint staining properties.

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Non motile, Non spore forming, Strict aerobes

These bacteria lack motility, can't form spores, and require oxygen to survive.

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Brucellosis

A zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Brucella. It is typically transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat, or contact with infected livestock.

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Stages of Brucellosis

Brucellosis is characterized by three stages: acute, sub-chronic (or undulant), and chronic.

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Sub-chronic (Undulant) Brucellosis

The sub-chronic or undulant stage of Brucellosis occurs within a year of infection and is characterized by fluctuating fevers, joint pain (arthritis), and inflammation of the testes or epididymis.

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Chronic Brucellosis

The chronic stage of Brucellosis manifests a year after exposure, with symptoms such as depression, persistent joint pain, and chronic fatigue syndrome.

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Castañeda Bottle

A biphasic system used for cultivating Brucella bacteria in the laboratory, typically composed of a solid and liquid medium.

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Febrile Agglutinins Test

A serological test used for diagnosing Brucellosis. It detects antibodies in the patient's serum that react specifically with antigens of killed Brucella bacteria.

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Brucella Agar

A specialized type of agar plate designed for culturing Brucella bacteria. It contains casein, a milk protein that supports bacterial growth.

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Abortus Bang Ring Probe Test

The Abortus Bang Ring Probe Test is used to detect Brucella bacteria in milk. A drop of hematoxylin-stained organisms in milk agar produces a coloured ring that indicates the presence of bacteria.

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Haemophilus ducreyi

A type of bacteria that causes chancroid, a sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitals.

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X Factor

A growth factor required by some bacteria, such as Haemophilus ducreyi, for growth. It is essentially haematin or hematin, a form of heme.

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V Factor

Another growth factor required by certain bacteria, including Haemophilus ducreyi. It is NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a coenzyme involved in various metabolic processes.

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Pasteurella

A genus of bacteria that contains several species, most notably Pasteurella multocida. These bacteria are commonly found in the respiratory tracts of animals and can cause infections in humans.

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Pasteurella multocida

A specific species of the Pasteurella genus that is a common animal pathogen. It can cause infections in humans, particularly after bites or scratches from infected animals.

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Pasteurellosis

A type of disease caused by Pasteurella multocida. It can manifest as painful swelling, redness, and pus formation, often following animal bites or scratches.

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Brucella

A genus of bacteria known for causing brucellosis, a zoonotic disease primarily affecting animals but transmissible to humans. They are small, non-motile, and often stain poorly.

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Porphyrin Test

The ability of a microorganism to degrade the amino acid Aminolevulenic acid (ALA) into a porphyrin derivative, resulting in a red color or reddish-orange fluorescence. This helps differentiate Haemophilus species.

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Microscopic Features of Haemophilus ducreyi

A group of microscopic characteristics often associated with Haemophilus ducreyi, including coccobacilli arranged in clusters resembling 'school of red fish,' 'railroad tracks,' or 'fingerprints'.

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Bordetella pertussis

Genus of bacteria known for causing whooping cough. It is fastidious, requiring special media and transport systems. It is also inhibited by fatty acids, metal ions, sulfides, and peroxides

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Pertussis toxin

A specific type of toxin produced by Bordetella pertussis. It is an A-B toxin similar to cholera toxin, with a toxic subunit (S1) and binding subunits (S2 to S5).

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Bordetella resistance to killing (Brk A)

A protein produced by Bordetella species that inhibits the bactericidal activity of complement. It is crucial for the survival of the bacteria in the host.

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S2 subunit

Subunit of pertussis toxin that binds to lactosylceramide, a glycolipid found on ciliated respiratory cells, leading to attachment of the bacteria.

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S3 subunit

Subunit of pertussis toxin that binds to receptors on phagocytic cells, increasing CR3 expression on the cell surface and enhancing bacterial attachment.

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S1 subunit

Portion of pertussis toxin that has ADP-ribosylating activity for membrane surface G proteins, disrupting cellular signaling.

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Pertactin

A protein found on Bordetella pertussis that binds to receptors on host cells, leading to bacterial attachment and phagocytosis.

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Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)

A protein expressed by Bordetella pertussis that mediates attachment to host cells, particularly ciliated respiratory cells. It also plays a role in bacterial aggregation.

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B. PSEUDOMALLEI

A bacterium often found in soil and water, known for its ability to cause melioidosis, a potentially fatal infection.

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P. aeruginosa

A potential agent for biological warfare, known for a characteristic grape-like odor and its green pigmentation on agar.

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P. aeruginosa's opportunistic pathogen

The most common isolate of P. aeruginosa, known for its ability to infect the skin, lungs, and blood.

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P. pseudomallei's morphology

A bacterium with a distinct bipolar staining that often resembles a safety pin.

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Ecthyma gangrenosum

A clinical presentation of P. aeruginosa infection characterized by skin lesions with necrosis.

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P. aeruginosa's characteristics

A bacterium classified as gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive.

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P. aeruginosa's infection sites

A bacterium that can cause serious infections in humans, affecting the respiratory system, urinary tract, wounds, skin, colon, and central nervous system.

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Study Notes

Clinical Bacteriology (Lec)

  • HACEK Group

    • Includes Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aggregatibacter segnis, Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus, Cardiobacterium hominis, Cardiobacterium valvarum, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella kingae, and Kingella denitrificans.
    • Fastidious, non-motile, pleomorphic Gram-negative bacilli.
    • Generally part of the human throat, oral, and nasal cavity microbiota.
    • Frequently associated with endocarditis.
    • Often require CO2 for growth.
    • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the only Urease-negative species in the group.

  • Eikenella corrodens

    • Previously known as Bacteroides corrodens.
    • Part of the normal flora of the oral and intestinal cavity.
    • Characterized by the "pit" appearance on agar surfaces and corroded color changes.
    • Gives off a bleach-like odor.

  • Kingella kingae

    • Previously known as Moraxella kingae.
    • Named after Elizabeth King.
    • Resist decolorization in Gram stain.
    • Coccobacilli to short bacilli with squared ends.
    • Gram-negative bacilli.
    • Often part of the oral microbiota.

  • Capnocytophaga

    • Part of the Flavobacteriaceae.
    • 9 species, but only 5 are part of the human oral microbiota.
    • Fusiform bacilli (tapering ends).
    • Fastidious, facultative anaerobes, capnophilic Gram-negative bacilli.
    • Exhibit gliding motility.
    • Catalase and oxidase negative.
    • Inhabit the oral cavity.
    • Includes C. ochracea.

  • Haemophilus influenzae

    • "Pfeiffer's bacillus".
    • Major pathogen.
    • 8 biotypes (I-VIII), differentiated by biochemical reactions (indole, urease, and ornithine decarboxylase).
    • Capsule is important in virulence, with serotype b (Hib) being the most invasive.
    • Non-encapsulated strains ("non-typable") also cause infections.
    • Can cause various infections, including conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and meningitis

  • Haemophilus aegyptius (Koch-Weeks bacillus)

    • Associated with acute, contagious conjunctivitis ("pink eye").

  • Haemophilus ducreyi

    • Causes chancroid, a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
    • Forms ulcers on the genitals.
    • Gram-negative bacilli.

  • Pasteurella multocida

    • Common cause of acute, infectious diseases in animals (e.g., cats, dogs) and opportunistic infections in humans.
    • Occurs in 4 forms in humans: acute localized infection, septicemic illness, acute pulmonary infection, or chronic cutaneous infection.

  • Brucella

    • Zoonotic bacteria.
    • Ingestion of unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, or contact with infected livestock leads to infection.
    • 3 stages: acute, subacute, and chronic forms.
    • Symptoms can include undulating fever, arthritis, and epididymo-orchitis.
    • The species includes B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis.

  • Francisella tularensis

    • Zoonotic bacteria.
    • Causes tularemia.
    • Transmission can occur by contact, inhalation, or arthropod bite.
    • Different types of infections, including ulceroglandular, glandular, and oculoglandular.

  • Legionella pneumophila

    • Causes Pontiac fever (flu-like illness) and Legionnaires' disease (pneumonia).
    • Can exist in 16 serogroups.
    • Respiratory infections, most commonly.

  • Bordetella pertussis

    • Causes whooping cough (pertussis).
    • 3 stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent.
    • Characteristic whooping sounds during coughing.
    • Requires special media for isolation.
    • Toxins include pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, dermonecrotic toxin, and tracheal cytotoxin. Contains a tracheal colonizing factor (Brk A).

  • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

    • Nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients.
    • Oxidase positive, catalase positive
    • Motile; polar flagella.
    • Can produce pigment.

  • Alcaligenes

    • Gram-negative, catalase positive, oxidase positive, motile bacilli.
    • Characterized by feathery-edged non-pigmented colonies on blood agar plates with some strains exhibiting alpha hemolysis and a fruity odor.

  • Vibrio

    • Includes a broad range of species with varying characteristics but often found in marine environments. -Some species can cause serious infections in humans, including cholera and wound infections.

  • Brucella species

    • Small, facultative, intracellular Gram-negative bacilli.
    • Poorly stain by conventional Gram stain.
    • Typically part of Category B pathogens

  • Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella,and Serratia

    • Gram-negative rods commonly causing nosocomial infections.
    • Part of the normal flora.

  • Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Acinetobacter,and Stenotrophomonas

    • Gram-negative rods often causing infections in immunocompromised patients.

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Test your knowledge on the HACEK group of bacteria and brucellosis in this specialized microbiology quiz. Questions cover characteristics, infections, and diagnostic methods related to these critical pathogens. Perfect for students and professionals looking to reinforce their understanding of specific bacterial groups.

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