Clinical Bacteriology (Lec) PDF

Clinical Bacteriology (Lec) MODULE 12: Non Fermentative fastidious & Miscellaneous Gram Negative Bacilli HACEK GROUP CARDIOBACTERIUM H. influenzae C. HOMINIS...

Clinical Bacteriology (Lec) MODULE 12: Non Fermentative fastidious & Miscellaneous Gram Negative Bacilli HACEK GROUP CARDIOBACTERIUM H. influenzae C. HOMINIS Haemophilus H. parainfluenzae - Most common species in the genera species H. haemolyticus - Fastidious, non motile, pleomorphic gram negative H. parahaemolyticus bacilli A. actinomycetemcomitans - Generally part of the human throat, oral & nasal Aggregatibacter A. segnis cavity microbiota species A. aphrophilus A. paraphrophilus EIKENELLA Cardiobacterium C. hominis species C. valvarum E. CORRODENS Eikenella species E. corrodens - Previously known as Bacteroides corrodens - Named after Dr. M. Eiken K. kingae - Most commonly encountered spp Kingella species K. dentrificans - Part of the normal flora of oral and intestinal cavity - Clenched-fist bite injury – laceration of teeth - Gram Negative Bacilli - Fastidious, gram negative bacilli - Enhanced growth with CO2 - Colonial morphology - Cardiobacterium spp are capnophilic – require CO2 Form “pit” on the agar surface for growth Corroded color @ the agar surface - ACEK are dysgonic (difficulty growing in artificial Give off a bleached-like odor media) - Predilection for attaching to heart valves KINGELLA - Heart valve lesions are referred to vegetations - All are opportunistic pathogens (generally require a compromised host) K. KINGAE - Previously known as Moraxella kingae - Genera named after Elizabeth King (an american AGGREGATIBACTER bacteriologist) - Previously known as Actinobacillus - Resists decolorization in Gram Stain - Non motile A. ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS - Coccobacilli to short bacilli with squared ends in - associated with livestock pairs or short chains - 6 serotypes ( A-F ) - 2 colonial morphology - A, B, C are the most common Spreading, corroding colony serotypes Smooth, convex, B – hemolytic colony - Generally it is part of the human oral microbiota CAPNOCYTOPHAGA - Requires incubation of > 24 hrs > 48 hrs – colonies are star shaped with 4-6 - Part of Flavobacteriaceae points - Previously known as DF 1 & DF 2 - A. actinomycetemcomitans is the ONLY UREASE - 9 spp but only 5 are part of the human oral NEGATIVE among other spp in the genera microbiota - Fusiform (bacilly with tapering ends) A. APHROPHILUS - Fastidious, facultative anaerobe, capnophilic gram - Most prevalent species in the HACEK group that is negative bacilli involved in endocarditis - Even without a flagella, it exhibits a gliding motility - Previously known as Haemophilus aphrophilus @ surface of the media - Does not require CO2 for growth but the - All are catalase & oxidase NEGATIVE microorganism grows better WITH CO2 Species that inhabit the oral cavity C. ochracea Irish Sabile 1  C. haemolyticus H. INFLUENZAE C. gingivalis C. granulosa - “Pfeiffers bacillus” in 1892 C. sputigena - Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer C. canimorsus, C. cynodegmi inhibits the oral cavity - Considered as the major pathogen of cats and dogs (catalase and oxidase positive) - Subdivided in 8 biotypes ( I – VIII ) C. canimorsus causes a fulminant life threatening - *differentiated by 3 biochemical reaction disease after a dog/cat bite through continuous Indole, Urease, and Ornithine Decarboxylase contact H. Influenzae CAPSULE - MW >150,000 Da - Most significant role in its virulence - 6 antigenically distinct type ( a – f) - Most invasive and most common infections are caused by encapsulated strains = H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) - Not all are encapsulated = termed as “non typable H. influenzae ( NTHi) Immunoglobulin A protease - Has the ability to cleave your secretory IgA - Easily colonize or invade mucous membrane H. AEGYPTIUS K. denitrificans is Superoxol positive and Citrate - “Koch-Weeks Bacillus” 1883 negative - Associated with acute, contagious conjunctivitis ○ K. denitrificans reduces nitrate but may be - Also known as “pink eye” interpreted as negative due to gas formation E. corrodens is Ornithine positive H. INFLUENZAE III - H. influenzae biotype aegyptius HAEMOPHILUS SP - Causative agent for Brazilian Purpuric Fever H. influenzae - Known to have symptoms such as recurrent/ H. parainfluenzae concurrent conjunctivitis, vomiting, high fever, H. aegyptius petechial/purpural rash, septicemia, shock and H. haemolyticus vascular collapse H. parahaemolyticus H. aphrophilus H. DUCREYI H. paraphrophilus - Affects the mucosal epithelium, genitals, non genital skin and regional lymph nodes - Greek words – “haema” & “philo” = BLOOD LOVER - Chancroid is a highly communicable STD – Genital - Gram negative pleomorphic coccobacilli or rods Ulcer Disease (GUD) “Soft chancre” - Non motile & facultative anaerobe - H. ducreyi is not part of the human microbiota - Obligate parasite of mucosal membrane in humans & animals LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS - Ferment carbohydrates - BAP, CAP, Horse Blood Bacitracin Agar - Reduce nitrate to nitrite X + V requirement - Oxidase positive H. aegyptius – CAP w/ IsoVitaleX or Vitox - Catalase positive - GC Agar enriched w/ 1% Hb 5% fetal calf serum - 13 spp but only 8 are clinically significant 1% IsoVitaleX - ✓ Requires supplementation in media with one or - Nairobi Plate both substance Specific plate for H. ducreyi - X Factor GC agar base w/ 2% bovine Hb % fetal calf X for unknown serum and MHA w/ chocolatized horse blood Hemin or hematin - Levinthal Agar - V Factor Agar w/ added blood heated to boiling point V for vitamin Solid nutritious substrate for cultivating NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) demanding microorganisms Bacte Lec M12 2  P. MULTOCIDA MICROSCOPIC FEATURE “school of red fish” - The most frequent isolate in the genera and it “railroad tracks” consists 3 subspecies – multocida, septica & “finger prints” gallacida H. ducreyi – coccobacilli in loosely coiled cluster - 5 sero groups ( A-F ) lined up in a parallel manner” - “multus” many - “cidus” to kill COLONIAL MORPHOLOGY - Found in the mucous membrane of URT and oral Moist & Translucent colonies cavity of animals – cats and dogs Gives off a “mousy” or a “bleach-like” odor ASSOCIATED DISEASE PORPHYRIN TEST PASTEURELLOSIS - Detects the heme producing Haemophilus species - Painful, redness, swelling, cellulitis & purulent discharge following the bite/scratch of infected animals - “Shipping fever” – disease in cattles , hemorrhagic septicemia - “Musty odor” when grown in artificial media; similar with the smell of mushrooms - It degrades ALA (Aminolevulenic acid) through the help of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, producing a porphobilinogen showing a red color, or a porphyrin with reddish-orange fluorescence - In Wood’s Lamp 360 nm, a positive red color complex would indicate a negative X factor strip test, and a negative result would mean that it is a positive X factor strip test BRUCELLA SP - Small facultative intracellular non motile aerobic gram negative coccobacilli or short rods that stain POORLY by conventional gram stain - Category B by CDC - MOT – aerosol therefore it is handled with biosafety level 3 conditions - Intracellular parasite – affinity to reticuloendothelial system - Undulating fever, Bang disease ( named after Bernard Bang ), Crimean fever, Cyprus fever, Gibraltar fever, Goat fever, Italian fever & Neapolitan fever PASTEURELLA SP - Named after Louis Pasteur - Animal pathogen but causes zoonotic disease in humans - Non motile, facultative anaerobe, gram negative coccobacilli, ovoid, filamentous or simply a bacilli - Catalase and oxidase positive - Exhibit bipolar staining - Does NOT grow on MacConkey agar and are glucose fermenters Bacte Lec M12 3  ASSOCIATED DISEASE F. tularensis - novus, new; cida, to cut (a “new subsp novicida killer”) BRUCELLOSIS - A zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of - philos, loving; miragia, mirage unpasteurized milk & dairy products, ingestion of F. philomiragia (“loving of mirages,” reference to undercooked meat, or contact with livestock that presence in water) are infection with the bacteria. - It has 3 stages: acute, sub-chronic or undulant form F. TULARENSIS & chronic. - It is under the biosafety level 2 sub-chronic or undulant - occurs within a year - All subspecies require Cystine of the infection and is characterized by - The species has 3 subspecies: Type A, B, undulating fever, arthritis & epididymo-orchitis. - and C chronic form - manifests 1 year after exposure after exposure with symptoms such as SUBSP. TULARENSIS (TYPE A) depression, arthritis, and chronic fatigue - Includes 3 subclades A1a, A1b, A2 syndrome. - It is also subdivided in to type A-West, which is predominant in the arid regions of the Rocky LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Mountains of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. - Brucella Agar – contains casein - Then we have type A-EAST, which is predominant - Castañeda bottle - biphasic system in central southeast states of the USA. - Gram stain – gram (-) intracellular existence - Most commonly associated with exposure to - Abortus Bang Ring Probe Test - lagomorphs (rabbits & hares) & felines. 1 gtt of hematoxylin stained organisms in 1 ml - Type A-east are more commonly associated with of milk agar = agglt. orgs in colored ring disseminated disease and has a high mortality rate - Febrile Agglutinnins compared to type A-west. Gold standard Serological test for the abs in patient’s serum SUBSP. HOLARTICA (TYPE B) against ags of killed Brucella. - Includes 10 different subclades - Predominant in the upper Mississippi River and in FRANCISELLA SP areas with high rainfall such as in the pacific - Faintly staining, tiny gram negative coccobacilli northwest. - Oxidase and Urease negative - Most commonly associated with exposure from - Catalase positive rodents & felines. - Non motile, non spore forming strict aerobes - Species: ASSOCIATED DISEASE F. tularensis F. noatunensis TULAREMIA F. novocide - It is a zoonotic disease that can be contracted F. philomiragia either through ingestion, inhalation, contact with infected tissue or arthropod bite hard - Named after the American tich(Ixodes,Dermacentor,Ambyloma). Francisella spp microbiologist Edward Francis, - DOC is Gentamicin who first described tularemia Tularemia has 6 different types of infection: F. tularensis - tularensis, pertaining to Tulare - Which is the most common, and subsp County, California, where the forms ulcer in the site of tularensis (type disease was first described Ulceroglandular inoculation and A) lymphadenopathy. F. tularensis - Rarely fatal. - “holos”, whole; “arctos”, northern subsp regions (reference to distribution - Only involves lymphadenopathy holarctica (type Glandular in the arctic or northern regions) and it is rarely fatal. B) F. tularensis - It is a specialized form of the subsp - media, middle; asiatica, Asian disease & results from direct mediasiatica (pertaining to middle Asia) Oculoglandular contamination of the eye. (type C) - Involves conjunctivitis & lymphadenopathy. Bacte Lec M12 4  - Involves the ulceration of the ASSOCIATED DISEASES Oropharyngeal Oropharynx PONTIAC FEVER - It involves an acute illness with - It is an influenza-like illness which is self-limiting & Systematic septicemia and has a mortality is febrile. (typhoidal) rates of 30-60%. - It was first described in 1968 at the Public Health tularemia - Has no ulcerations/ Department in Pontiac, Michigan. lymphadenopathy - Fever, chills, myalgia, malaise & headache, but no - Acquired by inhalation of clinical signs of pneumonia. infectious aerosols or by - Caused by L. pnuemophilia serogroups 1 & 6 & Pneumonic dissemination from the Legionella feeleii. tularemia bloodstream; pneumonia. - Serious form of tularemia. LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE - Pneumonia is the prominent manifestation of the LEGIONELLA SP disease, one of the top 4 causative agents in - It was first recorded during an American community acquired pneumonia. - Legion convention held in Philadelphia in the year - Legionella produces different symptoms from S. 1976 pneumoniae - It comprises 52 species & 70 serogroups. - Serogroup 1 accounts for most of the cases. - They are ubiquitous, obligate aerobe, poor-staining, - Dissemination via the circulatory system can lead motile, gram-negative fastidious bacilli that require to extra-pulmonary disease with or without a medium supplemented with irons & L-cysteine, pneumonia. and buffered to pH 6.9 for optimum growth. - The disease manifests 3 major patterns: - The organism utilize protein, rather than Sporadic cases, most common & occurs in the carbohydrates for energy source. community. - Legionella sp. in clinical specimens do not stain Epidemic outbreaks, short duration & low attack with common reagents but can be seen in tissues rates. stained with Dieterle Silver Stain. Nosocomial clusters, occurring in compromised - Out of the 52 species, only 20 species are populations. pathogenic to humans. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS - Buffered charcoal yeast extract L. PNEUMOPHILIA - With PAV or PAC (polymyxin N, anisomysin, and - Has 16 serogroups, it is oxidase, catalase, either vancomycin or cefamandole) hippurate hydrolysis, gelatinase, & beta-lactamase - Colonies examine with auto-fluorescense positive. - Blue-white, yellow-green, red - It is considered a facultative intracellular parasite. - DFA - L. pneumophila exists in two well- defined, morphologically distinct forms in Hela cells. - A highly differentiated, cyst like form that is highly infectious, metabolically dormant, and resistant to antibiotics and detergent-mediated lysis. - A replicative intracellular that is ultrastructurally similar to agar-grown bacteria. Virulence factors include: Heat shock protein 60 Outer membrane protein Macrophage infectivity potentiator Type IV pili Flagella Genes encoding for the type II secretion systems required for intracellular growth Dot type IV secretion system Bacte Lec M12 5  BORDETELLA SP Tracheal colonizing factor - Members of the genus Bordetella are small gram-negative bacilli or coccobacilli. TRACHEAL COLONIZING FACTOR - All are obligate aerobic bacteria, grow best at 35 - Brk A (Bordetella resistance to killing) - It is a 73 37 C kDa protein; inhibits the bactericidal activity of - do not ferment carbohydrates, oxidize amino acids, complement. are relatively inactive in biochemical test systems, and produce catalase, although this is variable in B. TOXINS pertussis. - The other Bordetella spp. except for B. pertussis 1. PERTUSSIS TOXIN are less fastidious and grow on MAC agar or media - Encoded by the ptx gene, an A-B toxin related to containing blood. cholera toxin. - B. parapertussis (non toxigenic) - Consisting of a toxic subunit (S1) and five binding - B. bronchiseptica (only motile) subunits (S2 to S5; two S4 subunits are present in - B. avium each toxin molecule). - RT pathogens of wild and domestic animal - The S2 subunit binds to lactosylceramide, a glycolipid present on ciliated respiratory cells. B. PERTUSSIS - The S3 subunit binds to receptors on phagocytic - AKA Bordet Gengou Bacillus cells, leading to an increase in CR3 on the cell - B. pertussis is fastidious and requires special surface, which facilitates attachment mediated by collection, transport systems and culture media. pertactin and filamentous hemagglutinin and - B. pertussis is inhibited by fatty acids, metal ions, subsequent bacterial phagocytosis. sulfides, and peroxides, constituents found in many - The S1 portion of pertussis toxin has adenosine media. diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylating activity for the - Media for the isolation of B. pertussis require membrane surface G proteins (guanine protective substances, such as charcoal, blood & nucleotide–binding regulatory proteins). These starch proteins regulate adenylate cyclase activity. - The species possesses multiple virulence factors that play a role in the organism’s pathogenicity, 2. ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN which are divided according to their functions: - It is a bifunctional toxin that is activated in the target mammalian cell by intracellular calmodulin and VIRULENCE FACTORS catalyzes the conversion of endogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP in eukaryotic cells (as ADHESIONS (AUTO TRANSPORTERS): pertussis toxin does). Fimbriae (FIM), types 2 & 3 - Serotype specific - Adenylate cyclase toxin also inhibit leukocyte agglutinins for colonization of respiratory mucosa. chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing & hemolyzes red blood cells. FILAMENTOUS HEMAGGLUTININ (FHA) Mediates adhesion to the ciliated upper respiratory 3. DERMONECROTIC TOXIN tract. - It is a heat-labile toxin. - At high doses, this toxin causes fatal reactions in PERTACTIN (PRN) mice. It is a 69 kDa outer membrane protein. Mediates eukaryotic cell binding and is highly 4. TRACHEAL CYTOTOXIN immunogenic. - It is a low-molecular-weight cell wall peptidoglycan monomer that has a specific affinity for ciliated ADHESIONS (AUTO TRANSPORTERS): BOTH FHA epithelial cells. & PRN - At low concentrations, it causes ciliastasis Contain an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence (RGD motif) that - At higher concentrations produced later in the promotes binding to sulfated glycoprotein integrins infection, it causes extrusion of ciliated cells on the membranes of ciliated respiratory cells. - Tracheal cytotoxin specifically with DNA synthesis, These also bind to CR3, a glycoprotein receptor on thereby impairing the regeneration of damaged the surface of macrophages. cells. This interaction leads to phagocytosis of the - This process disrupts the normal clearance bacteria without initiating an oxidative burst, which mechanisms in the respiratory tree and leads to the is important in the intracellular survival and characteristic cough associated with pertussis. replication of the bacteria. Bacte Lec M12 6 - The toxin also stimulates the release of the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which leads to fever. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE - It produces 2 distinct types, one with lipid A and the other with lipid X. - Both lipopolysaccharide molecules can activate the alternate complement pathway and stimulate cytokine release. ASSOCIATED DISEASES SPIRILLUM MINOR/MAJOR - Gram negative, helical PERTUSSIS - Aerobic - AKA Whooping Cough /100 day cough - Causes “Spirillary Rat Bite Fever” – Sodoku - Infection occurs after exposure to the organism - S/S similar to S. moniloformis but swollen lymph through the respiratory tract and a 1 to 3 week nodes are prominent, with more predictable febrile incubation period, usually 7 to 10 days. episodes CATARRHAL PHASE NON FERMENTER GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI - The initial symptoms are insidious & non-specific Pseudomonas sp and Burkholderia sp like sneezing, mild cough, running nose, & Acinetobacter sp sometimes conjunctivitis. In infants can develop Stenotrophomonas sp apnea or respiratory distress or both. Alcaligenes sp - In this stage, it is highly communicable because the Moraxella sp vast amount of the organism in the respiratory tract. Flavobacterium and Chromobacterium sp - Non Fermenters PAROXYSMAL PHASE - Oxidizers - break down CHO oxidatively - The defining characteristic of this phase is that - Non Oxidizers/Assacharolytic – not able to break there is sudden onset of severe, repetitive coughing down CHO either fermentatively or oxidatively. followed by the distinct feature “whoop” at the end - Oxidatively metabolize CHO and require molecular of the coughing spell. oxygen as the final hydrogen acceptor - The whooping sound is caused by the rapid gasp of air following the prolonged coughing. CLINICAL INFECTIONS - Coughing spells occurs many times in the day - 15%of all GN bacilli isolates followed by vomiting. - Septicemia, meningitis, osteomyelitis & wound infections CONVALESCENT PHASE - Risk factors - Generally starts on its 4th week from the beginning Immunosuppression of the disease Trauma - Coughing is significantly decreased in severity and Foreign body implantation frequency Infused fluids - It will take several weeks to several months for complete recovery BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS TSI, KIA, OF medium by Hugh and Leifson LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Three tests commonly performed to facilitate - Bordet Gengou Agar - Sheep blood, potato identification: extract and glycerol ○ Oxidase - Regan Lowe Charcoal Medium - Charcoal agar ○ Growth on MAC with Horse blood ○ Glucose oxidation in OF medium - Direct Fluorescence Antibodies PSEUDOMONAS AND BURKHOLDERIA Pseudomonas aeruginosa P. fluorescens P. putida P. stutzeri Brevundimonas vesicularis B. diminuta Bacte Lec M12 7  Burkholderia cepacia B. MALLEI B. pseudomallei B. mallei - Causative agent of Glander’s disease – infectious Ralstonia pickettii disease in horse through ingestion of contaminated - Gram (-) bacilli or coccobacillus food or water. - Motile with polar or polar tufts of flagella - A potential agent for biological warfare - Oxidase and catalase (+) - In humans, disease can occur in four basic forms: - Grow on MAC acute localized infection, septicemic illness, acute - Good growth at 42C pulmonary infection, or chronic cutaneous infection - Oxidizes CHO - The common isolate. - Opportunistic pathogen - Direct contact with contaminated food, medical - In normal individuals, disrupt protection provided by solutions, disinfectants and respiratory equipment epidermis. - Nosocomial (RT, UT, wounds, CS, CNS) B. PSEUDOMALLEI - Ecthyma gangrenosum (skin infection) - Agent of melioidosis also called Whitmore disease - P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. stutzeri – has no or Nightcliff gardener's disease. virulence factors - Similar with Glander’s disease - The bacteria are found in contaminated water and soil and spread to humans and animals through P. AERUGINOSA direct contact. - Causative agent of Blue Pus, Bacillus pyocyaneus - A potential agent for biological warfare and - One of the most common biological terrorism. - Pigments: Pyocyanin - (Sellers and fluorescent-nitrate LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS medium) - Gram staining (medium sized rod) Pyoverdin or fluorescein B. diminuta (long rod) - Grape-like odor/ corn/tortilla-like odor B. mallei (coccobacillus) (aminoacetophenone) P. pseudomallei (bipolar staining - safety pin - MAC – blue green appearance) - BAP - Beta-hemolytic, green metallic sheen - All grow in routine CM and in MAC, except B. - Cetrimide agar - Selective media vescularis - Virulence Factors: - PC agar or OFPBL (oxidative fermentative base- Fimbriae and pili (attachment) polymyxin B bacitracin lactose) for B. cepacia Exotoxin A (inhibits protein synthesis) Hemolysins (destroys cells) ACITENOBACTER Alginate (resists phagocytosis) - Oxidase (-), catalase (+) - Non-motile, coccobacilli appeared as plump, paired P. FLUORESCENS rods in direct smear - Environment contaminant, food spoilage, plant - Grows as purplish colonies on MAC & gummy infections colonies on BAP - UTI, wound infection - 25 geno-species based on DNA hybridization - 2 common variants: P. PUTIDA A. baumannii – glucose oxidizer - septicemia, infections of arms and legs (non-hemolytic); 2nd most commonly isolated - hospital sinks NF bacilli from humans - Pyoverdin positive A. lwoffi - glucose-negative, non-hemolytic strain Gelatin hydrolysis: - Ubiquitious in the environment (soil, water, milk, P. fluorescens – POSITIVE hospital ventilators, human skin) P. putida - NEGATIVE - Opportunistic and account for 1-3% of nosocomial infections P. STUTZERI - 2nd (after Pseudomonas) commonly isolated in the - Soil denitrifier laboratory: - colonies are dry and wrinkled with light brown color. Pneumonia UTI Endocarditis Septicemia Meningitis Bacte Lec M12 8  Cellulitis STENOTROPHOMONAS - S. maltophilia - Biochemical profile similar with B. cepacia - Catalase (+), Oxidase (-), and is motile – polar flagella - Oxidize maltose faster than glucose - Nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients. - Media: Produces brown pigment on heart infusion agar with tyrosine. - Lavender-green to light purple pigment with C. VIOLACEUM ammonia smell on BAP - Grow in MAC at 42 °C, oxidase (+) - Motile with polar flagella ALCALIGENES - May appear as curved bacilli - Gram (-) bacilli - Produced violacein pigment. - Motile by peritrichous flagella - “Fermentative” GN bacillus; ferments glucose and - Oxidase (+), catalase (+); (+) on 6.5% NaCl variably sucrose - Media: Feathery-edged non-pigmented colonies on - Opportunistic pathogen, affecting the BAP; some - alpha hemolysis “fruity odor immunocompromised patients with PMN deficits (apples/strawberries)” - Isolated from urine, feces, sputum and wounds of hospital patients General characteristics: - Gram-negative. - Catalase- and oxidase-positive. - Motile - Obligately aerobic. - Does not attack sugars - As non-fermentative GN rods, they are part of the psychotropic __________________. - Optimum temperature for growth is 20 - 37°C. FLAVOBACTERIUM AND CHROMOBACTERIUM - Fail to grow in MAC, oxidase (+), nonmotile - Found in soil, water and other moist areas and plants - Produced yellow intracellular pigment - Lavender green colonies on SBAP (due to gelatinase) - Produced fruity odor Bacte Lec M12 9