Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards (Chapters 1, 3-5)
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Questions and Answers

What is Microbiology?

  • The study of mammals
  • The classification of plants
  • Specialized area of biology that deals with organisms ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification (correct)
  • The study of cells

What are microorganisms?

A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

What is classification?

Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.

What is nomenclature?

<p>System of assigning names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is binomial nomenclature?

<p>Two-name system of naming organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are acellular organisms?

<p>Viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cellular organisms?

<p>Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines prokaryotes?

<p>Organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines eukaryotes?

<p>Organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is binary fission?

<p>The way bacteria reproduce by splitting into two equal parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mycology?

<p>The study of fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phycology?

<p>The study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pathogen?

<p>Disease causing agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic engineering?

<p>Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recombinant DNA?

<p>DNA switched from one organism to another to design new organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lactic acid bacteria used for?

<p>Dairy products, yogurt, and cheese.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are curds?

<p>Solid chunks of day old milk used in cheese.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is whey?

<p>Liquid part of day old milk, mostly water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does rennin do?

<p>Turns caseinogens to casein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is curdling?

<p>Products cause milk to separate into curds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method?

<p>Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

<p>A tentative explanation or statement to account for what is observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a theory?

<p>Hypothesis backed by growing data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous generation?

<p>Life can rise from nonliving material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cell theory?

<p>All things are made of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biogenesis?

<p>The production of living organisms from other living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general metabolic process used by microbes aids in food production?

<p>Fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pasteurization?

<p>To kill organisms by heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the germ theory of disease?

<p>Theory that microbes can invade other organisms and cause diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Koch's postulates?

<p>Set of procedures to determine if a microbe causes a certain disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aseptic technique?

<p>Aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chemotherapy?

<p>Treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are synthetic drugs?

<p>Chemical substances made in a lab.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antibiotics?

<p>Chemical substances made by microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general size of macroscopic organisms?

<p>1 mm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of microscopic organisms?

<p>1 um to 100 um.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of viruses?

<p>10 nm to 100 nm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 domains used in the Woese-Fox system of classification?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain are fungi members of?

<p>Eukarya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain do Protozoa belong to?

<p>Eukarya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain are Algae in?

<p>Eukarya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain does E. coli belong to?

<p>Bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain do viruses belong to?

<p>Neither.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bacteria?

<p>Prokaryote and all are microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines algae?

<p>Unicellular or multicellular and undergo photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines fungi?

<p>Some are unicellular, while others are multicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are protozoa?

<p>Unicellular organisms that can reproduce sexually and asexually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name 3 cellular structures protozoa use for locomotion.

<p>Pseudopods, flagella, cilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the beneficial roles of microorganisms?

<p>Part of food chain, produce vitamins, help digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microbes affect the world?

<p>Found everywhere, part of the ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is morphology?

<p>Study of detailed structure of microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is physiology in microbiology?

<p>Study of microbial function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is taxonomy?

<p>Classification/naming/identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bacteriology?

<p>Study of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is microbial ecology?

<p>Study of the relationship between microbes and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a culture?

<p>Observable growth that appears in or on the medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is isolation in microbiology?

<p>Separate individual microbes and achieve isolated colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incubation?

<p>The medium is placed in a temperature-controlled chamber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inspection in microbiology?

<p>Colonies/broth observed macroscopically for growth characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identification in microbiology?

<p>Determine the type of microbe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inoculum?

<p>Sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is liquefiable growth media?

<p>Changes physical properties depending on temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nonliquefiable media?

<p>Does not melt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is agar?

<p>Growth medium that is flexible, holds nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synthetic/defined growth media?

<p>All chemicals known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is complex growth media?

<p>Exact chemical makeup unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is general purpose growth media?

<p>Broad spectrum, usually nonsynthetic/complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology Overview

  • Microbiology studies organisms too small to be seen without magnification, focusing on microorganisms.
  • Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa.

Classification and Nomenclature

  • Classification involves the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.
  • Nomenclature assigns names to organisms, following the binomial system (Genus and species, italicized).
  • Genus names are capitalized, while species names are not.

Cell Types

  • Acellular organisms (e.g., viruses) lack cellular structure.
  • Cellular organisms are categorized into prokaryotes (no enclosed nucleus) and eukaryotes (nucleus present).

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack organelles, while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and specialized organelles.
  • Prokaryotes include all bacteria; some eukaryotes (like molds and yeast) are also microbes.

Reproduction and Growth

  • Binary fission is the reproduction method for bacteria, splitting a parent cell into two.
  • Culturing involves inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification of microbes.

Microbial Studies

  • Mycology: study of fungi.
  • Phycology: study of algae.
  • Protozoology: study of protozoa.
  • Virology: study of viruses.

Pathogens and Disease

  • Pathogens are agents of disease; the germ theory of disease suggests microbes cause illness.
  • Koch's postulates establish criteria for linking specific microbes to diseases.

Fermentation and Food Production

  • Fermentation is the metabolic process converting sugars to acids or alcohols, essential in food production (e.g., yogurt, cheese).
  • Lactic acid bacteria play a significant role in dairy fermentation, producing distinct flavors.

Pasteurization and Food Safety

  • Pasteurization kills most microorganisms in food through heat but may not eliminate all spoilage organisms.
  • Aseptic techniques reduce microbial presence in clinical settings to prevent infections.

Microbial Ecology and Beneficial Roles

  • Microbes contribute to nutrient cycling, ecosystem dynamics, and human health (normal flora).
  • They aid in digestion, produce oxygen, and serve as sources of antibiotics and vaccines.

Key Figures in Microbiology

  • Hooke: Coined "cell."
  • Pasteur: Developed aseptic techniques; contributed to germ theory and vaccines.
  • Jenner: Created vaccination for smallpox.
  • Fleming: Discovered penicillin.

Major Theories of Life Emergence

  • Cell theory states all living things are composed of cells.
  • Biogenesis refers to life arising from existing life.
  • Spontaneous generation suggests life can arise from nonliving matter.

Microbial Size and Classification

  • Macroscopic organisms are approximately 1 mm or larger.
  • Microscopic organisms measure 1 µm to 100 µm, while viruses range from 10 nm to 100 nm.
  • Woese-Fox classification divides life into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Fungi, protozoa, and algae fall under Eukarya.

Microbial Culture Techniques

  • Media include liquefiable (e.g., agar) and non-liquefiable media (e.g., potato slices).
  • Growth media can be synthetic (chemicals known) or complex (exact chemical makeup unknown).
  • General-purpose media supports the growth of a broad range of microorganisms.

Modern Applications and Challenges

  • Genetic engineering manipulates microbial genetics for new products; recombinant DNA technology creates modified organisms.
  • Antibiotic resistance poses challenges in chemotherapy, which uses chemical substances to treat diseases.

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Prepare for your Microbiology Exam 1 with these flashcards covering essential concepts from Chapters 1, 3-5. Learn definitions and key terms related to microbiology and microorganisms that are vital for your understanding of the subject.

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