Questions and Answers
What is Microbiology?
What are microorganisms?
A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.
What is classification?
Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.
What is nomenclature?
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What is binomial nomenclature?
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What are acellular organisms?
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What are cellular organisms?
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What defines prokaryotes?
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What defines eukaryotes?
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What is binary fission?
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What is mycology?
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What is phycology?
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What is a pathogen?
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What is genetic engineering?
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What is recombinant DNA?
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What are lactic acid bacteria used for?
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What are curds?
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What is whey?
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What does rennin do?
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What is curdling?
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What is the scientific method?
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What is a hypothesis?
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What is a theory?
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What is spontaneous generation?
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What is cell theory?
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What is biogenesis?
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What general metabolic process used by microbes aids in food production?
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What is pasteurization?
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What is the germ theory of disease?
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What are Koch's postulates?
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What is aseptic technique?
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What is chemotherapy?
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What are synthetic drugs?
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What are antibiotics?
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What is the general size of macroscopic organisms?
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What is the size range of microscopic organisms?
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What is the size of viruses?
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What are the 3 domains used in the Woese-Fox system of classification?
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Which domain are fungi members of?
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Which domain do Protozoa belong to?
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Which domain are Algae in?
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Which domain does E. coli belong to?
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Which domain do viruses belong to?
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What are bacteria?
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What defines algae?
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What defines fungi?
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What are protozoa?
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Name 3 cellular structures protozoa use for locomotion.
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What are the beneficial roles of microorganisms?
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How do microbes affect the world?
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What is morphology?
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What is physiology in microbiology?
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What is taxonomy?
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What is bacteriology?
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What is microbial ecology?
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What is a culture?
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What is isolation in microbiology?
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What is incubation?
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What is inspection in microbiology?
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What is identification in microbiology?
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What is inoculum?
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What is liquefiable growth media?
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What is nonliquefiable media?
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What is agar?
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What is synthetic/defined growth media?
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What is complex growth media?
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What is general purpose growth media?
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Study Notes
Microbiology Overview
- Microbiology studies organisms too small to be seen without magnification, focusing on microorganisms.
- Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa.
Classification and Nomenclature
- Classification involves the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.
- Nomenclature assigns names to organisms, following the binomial system (Genus and species, italicized).
- Genus names are capitalized, while species names are not.
Cell Types
- Acellular organisms (e.g., viruses) lack cellular structure.
- Cellular organisms are categorized into prokaryotes (no enclosed nucleus) and eukaryotes (nucleus present).
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack organelles, while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and specialized organelles.
- Prokaryotes include all bacteria; some eukaryotes (like molds and yeast) are also microbes.
Reproduction and Growth
- Binary fission is the reproduction method for bacteria, splitting a parent cell into two.
- Culturing involves inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification of microbes.
Microbial Studies
- Mycology: study of fungi.
- Phycology: study of algae.
- Protozoology: study of protozoa.
- Virology: study of viruses.
Pathogens and Disease
- Pathogens are agents of disease; the germ theory of disease suggests microbes cause illness.
- Koch's postulates establish criteria for linking specific microbes to diseases.
Fermentation and Food Production
- Fermentation is the metabolic process converting sugars to acids or alcohols, essential in food production (e.g., yogurt, cheese).
- Lactic acid bacteria play a significant role in dairy fermentation, producing distinct flavors.
Pasteurization and Food Safety
- Pasteurization kills most microorganisms in food through heat but may not eliminate all spoilage organisms.
- Aseptic techniques reduce microbial presence in clinical settings to prevent infections.
Microbial Ecology and Beneficial Roles
- Microbes contribute to nutrient cycling, ecosystem dynamics, and human health (normal flora).
- They aid in digestion, produce oxygen, and serve as sources of antibiotics and vaccines.
Key Figures in Microbiology
- Hooke: Coined "cell."
- Pasteur: Developed aseptic techniques; contributed to germ theory and vaccines.
- Jenner: Created vaccination for smallpox.
- Fleming: Discovered penicillin.
Major Theories of Life Emergence
- Cell theory states all living things are composed of cells.
- Biogenesis refers to life arising from existing life.
- Spontaneous generation suggests life can arise from nonliving matter.
Microbial Size and Classification
- Macroscopic organisms are approximately 1 mm or larger.
- Microscopic organisms measure 1 µm to 100 µm, while viruses range from 10 nm to 100 nm.
- Woese-Fox classification divides life into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Fungi, protozoa, and algae fall under Eukarya.
Microbial Culture Techniques
- Media include liquefiable (e.g., agar) and non-liquefiable media (e.g., potato slices).
- Growth media can be synthetic (chemicals known) or complex (exact chemical makeup unknown).
- General-purpose media supports the growth of a broad range of microorganisms.
Modern Applications and Challenges
- Genetic engineering manipulates microbial genetics for new products; recombinant DNA technology creates modified organisms.
- Antibiotic resistance poses challenges in chemotherapy, which uses chemical substances to treat diseases.
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Description
Prepare for your Microbiology Exam 1 with these flashcards covering essential concepts from Chapters 1, 3-5. Learn definitions and key terms related to microbiology and microorganisms that are vital for your understanding of the subject.