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Module 1 - Microorganisms and Microbiology
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Module 1 - Microorganisms and Microbiology

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Questions and Answers

What was Beijernick known for developing?

  • A method to enrich specific microbes (correct)
  • Phylogenetic trees
  • Biogeochemical analysis techniques
  • DNA sequencing methods

    • Which bacteria were shown by Winogradsky to modify inorganic chemicals?

  • Bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen (correct)
  • Bacteria that ferment glucose
  • Bacteria that digest cellulose
  • Bacteria that cause diseases

    • What does phylogeny study?

  • The evolutionary relationships between organisms (correct)
  • The classification of microbes by morphology
  • The metabolic processes in various organisms
  • The chemical properties of microbial cells

    • How does phylogenetics determine evolutionary relationships?

    <p>By analyzing the relatedness of DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to current understanding, how many distinct lineages of cells have emerged through evolution?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of microbes is primarily focused on in the first way of grouping them?

    <p>Physiology and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microbe requires oxygen to produce ATP?

    <p>Aerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemoorganotrophs in microbial metabolism?

    <p>They break down organic chemicals to produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of viruses that distinguishes them from other microorganisms?

    <p>They consist of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bacteria is accurate?

    <p>They are a diverse group of prokaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes algae from other microorganisms?

    <p>They are capable of photosynthesis and produce oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes fungi?

    <p>They can be multicellular and make spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature characterizes protozoa?

    <p>They are unicellular eukaryotes that are generally motile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the phylogenetic classification of algae is correct?

    <p>They are polyphyletic and include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum of Archaea contains mostly hyperthermophiles?

    <p>Crenarchaeota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates Euryarchaeota from other Archaea groups?

    <p>Presence of methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fungi typically perform in their ecosystems?

    <p>They are decomposers that break down organic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true for both bacteria and protozoa?

    <p>Both are unicellular and can be motile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows for increased efficiency of biochemical reactions in cells?

    <p>Compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Nanoarchaeota?

    <p>They are attached to a host for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of microorganisms is not considered cells?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How small can viruses be, in comparison to bacteria?

    <p>About 1/10th the size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cell structure allows for the regulation of biochemical reactions?

    <p>Compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Thaumarchaeota is correct?

    <p>They are found in various environments like oceans and soils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of chemolithotrophs over chemoorganotrophs?

    <p>They utilize inorganic chemicals to make ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct?

    <p>Oxygenic photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are included in the group of chemolithotrophs?

    <p>Both Bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?

    <p>Autotrophs can use atmospheric CO2 as their carbon source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of bacteria are considered the largest phylum within bacteria?

    <p>Proteobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a group that does not produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

    <p>Purple bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding Archaea is correct?

    <p>Most archaea are heterotrophic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemolithotrophs play in their ecosystems?

    <p>They utilize waste products of chemoorganotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrogen bonds and secondary structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in stabilizing secondary structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to refer to characteristic interactions between secondary structural elements?

    <p>Motifs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final folded globular shape of a protein referred to as?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are independently folding units of a protein called?

    <p>Domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does quaternary structure refer to in proteins?

    <p>The organization of multiple polypeptide subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes protein denaturation?

    <p>Proteins unfold, causing loss of higher order structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can proteins become denatured?

    <p>By exposure to extreme pH, high heat, or denaturing chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following most accurately describes the term 'motifs' in protein structure?

    <p>It represents combinations of secondary structural elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Microbiology

    • Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms typically less than 1 mm in diameter, often existing as single cells or clusters.
    • Contrarily, most plants and animals are multicellular organisms.

    Major Groups of Microorganisms

    • Viruses: Composed of nucleic acid encased in a protein coat; require living cells to reproduce; not classified as cells.
    • Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells with a single chromosome; diverse group.
    • Algae: Polyphyletic group; includes prokaryotic (cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic types (green and red algae); primarily found in aquatic environments; photosynthetic and produce oxygen as a by-product.
    • Fungi: Eukaryotes producing spores; includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds made of hyphae.
    • Protozoa: Unicellular eukaryotes that are typically colorless and motile, displaying a vast range of morphologies.

    Historical Context

    • Beijernick: Developed enrichment methods for increasing specific microbe concentrations using specialized nutrients.
    • Winogradsky: Identified bacteria's roles in biogeochemical cycles, such as nitrogen fixation.

    Tree of Life

    • Phylogeny studies evolutionary relationships through DNA sequence analysis, illustrating evolutionary distances.
    • Current phylogenetic understanding reveals three distinct cellular lineages.

    Physiological Diversity of Microbes

    • Microbes exhibit variations in morphology, size, physiology, and pathogenicity.
    • Chemoorganotrophs: Utilize organic substances (e.g., glucose) to generate ATP; can be aerobes (requiring oxygen) or anaerobes (not requiring oxygen).
    • Chemolithotrophs: Gain energy from inorganic compounds; primarily found in bacteria and archaea; don't compete with chemoorganotrophs.
    • Phototrophs: Perform photosynthesis; oxygen-producing (oxygenic) photosynthesis occurs in cyanobacteria, while non-oxygen producing (anoxygenic) occurs in certain bacteria.

    Microbial Diversity

    • Bacterial Diversity: Includes gram-negative Proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Streptomyces), and cyanobacteria, which were among the earliest oxygen producers.
    • Archaea Diversity: Comprises seven phyla; includes diverse groups such as Crenarchaeota (hyperthermophiles) and Euryarchaeota (methanogens, extreme halophiles).

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells, the basic life unit, consist of lipid membranes/walls that compartmentalize functions, enhancing biochemical reaction efficiency.
    • Microbes, except viruses, are classified as cells based on essential cellular characteristics.

    Viruses

    • Viruses range from 0.2 to 2 micrometers in size and are significantly smaller than bacteria; they lack cellular structures.

    Protein Structures

    • Proteins have various structural levels:
      • Tertiary: Final folded shape of a protein.
      • Quaternary: Arrangement of multiple polypeptides or subunits; involves independently folding units called domains.
    • Denaturation of proteins leads to loss of structure and function, triggered by extreme pH, high temperature, or denaturing agents.

    Upcoming Tasks

    • Review chapters relevant to the module.
    • Engage in blended learning activities.
    • Prepare to complete Module 2 and progress to Module 3 on Microbial Nutrition.

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    Related Documents

    Micro 2021 Lecture 1&part2.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of microorganisms and microbiology, including their definitions and historical context. Understand the significance of microbes in the ecosystem and their characteristics compared to multicellular organisms.

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