Module 1 - Microorganisms and Microbiology
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Questions and Answers

What was Beijernick known for developing?

  • A method to enrich specific microbes (correct)
  • Phylogenetic trees
  • Biogeochemical analysis techniques
  • DNA sequencing methods

    • Which bacteria were shown by Winogradsky to modify inorganic chemicals?

  • Bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen (correct)
  • Bacteria that ferment glucose
  • Bacteria that digest cellulose
  • Bacteria that cause diseases

    • What does phylogeny study?

  • The evolutionary relationships between organisms (correct)
  • The classification of microbes by morphology
  • The metabolic processes in various organisms
  • The chemical properties of microbial cells

    • How does phylogenetics determine evolutionary relationships?

    <p>By analyzing the relatedness of DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to current understanding, how many distinct lineages of cells have emerged through evolution?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of microbes is primarily focused on in the first way of grouping them?

    <p>Physiology and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microbe requires oxygen to produce ATP?

    <p>Aerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemoorganotrophs in microbial metabolism?

    <p>They break down organic chemicals to produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of viruses that distinguishes them from other microorganisms?

    <p>They consist of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bacteria is accurate?

    <p>They are a diverse group of prokaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes algae from other microorganisms?

    <p>They are capable of photosynthesis and produce oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes fungi?

    <p>They can be multicellular and make spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature characterizes protozoa?

    <p>They are unicellular eukaryotes that are generally motile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the phylogenetic classification of algae is correct?

    <p>They are polyphyletic and include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum of Archaea contains mostly hyperthermophiles?

    <p>Crenarchaeota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates Euryarchaeota from other Archaea groups?

    <p>Presence of methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fungi typically perform in their ecosystems?

    <p>They are decomposers that break down organic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true for both bacteria and protozoa?

    <p>Both are unicellular and can be motile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows for increased efficiency of biochemical reactions in cells?

    <p>Compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Nanoarchaeota?

    <p>They are attached to a host for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of microorganisms is not considered cells?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How small can viruses be, in comparison to bacteria?

    <p>About 1/10th the size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cell structure allows for the regulation of biochemical reactions?

    <p>Compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Thaumarchaeota is correct?

    <p>They are found in various environments like oceans and soils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of chemolithotrophs over chemoorganotrophs?

    <p>They utilize inorganic chemicals to make ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct?

    <p>Oxygenic photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are included in the group of chemolithotrophs?

    <p>Both Bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?

    <p>Autotrophs can use atmospheric CO2 as their carbon source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of bacteria are considered the largest phylum within bacteria?

    <p>Proteobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a group that does not produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

    <p>Purple bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding Archaea is correct?

    <p>Most archaea are heterotrophic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemolithotrophs play in their ecosystems?

    <p>They utilize waste products of chemoorganotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrogen bonds and secondary structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in stabilizing secondary structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to refer to characteristic interactions between secondary structural elements?

    <p>Motifs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final folded globular shape of a protein referred to as?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are independently folding units of a protein called?

    <p>Domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does quaternary structure refer to in proteins?

    <p>The organization of multiple polypeptide subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes protein denaturation?

    <p>Proteins unfold, causing loss of higher order structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can proteins become denatured?

    <p>By exposure to extreme pH, high heat, or denaturing chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following most accurately describes the term 'motifs' in protein structure?

    <p>It represents combinations of secondary structural elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Microbiology

    • Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms typically less than 1 mm in diameter, often existing as single cells or clusters.
    • Contrarily, most plants and animals are multicellular organisms.

    Major Groups of Microorganisms

    • Viruses: Composed of nucleic acid encased in a protein coat; require living cells to reproduce; not classified as cells.
    • Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells with a single chromosome; diverse group.
    • Algae: Polyphyletic group; includes prokaryotic (cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic types (green and red algae); primarily found in aquatic environments; photosynthetic and produce oxygen as a by-product.
    • Fungi: Eukaryotes producing spores; includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds made of hyphae.
    • Protozoa: Unicellular eukaryotes that are typically colorless and motile, displaying a vast range of morphologies.

    Historical Context

    • Beijernick: Developed enrichment methods for increasing specific microbe concentrations using specialized nutrients.
    • Winogradsky: Identified bacteria's roles in biogeochemical cycles, such as nitrogen fixation.

    Tree of Life

    • Phylogeny studies evolutionary relationships through DNA sequence analysis, illustrating evolutionary distances.
    • Current phylogenetic understanding reveals three distinct cellular lineages.

    Physiological Diversity of Microbes

    • Microbes exhibit variations in morphology, size, physiology, and pathogenicity.
    • Chemoorganotrophs: Utilize organic substances (e.g., glucose) to generate ATP; can be aerobes (requiring oxygen) or anaerobes (not requiring oxygen).
    • Chemolithotrophs: Gain energy from inorganic compounds; primarily found in bacteria and archaea; don't compete with chemoorganotrophs.
    • Phototrophs: Perform photosynthesis; oxygen-producing (oxygenic) photosynthesis occurs in cyanobacteria, while non-oxygen producing (anoxygenic) occurs in certain bacteria.

    Microbial Diversity

    • Bacterial Diversity: Includes gram-negative Proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Streptomyces), and cyanobacteria, which were among the earliest oxygen producers.
    • Archaea Diversity: Comprises seven phyla; includes diverse groups such as Crenarchaeota (hyperthermophiles) and Euryarchaeota (methanogens, extreme halophiles).

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells, the basic life unit, consist of lipid membranes/walls that compartmentalize functions, enhancing biochemical reaction efficiency.
    • Microbes, except viruses, are classified as cells based on essential cellular characteristics.

    Viruses

    • Viruses range from 0.2 to 2 micrometers in size and are significantly smaller than bacteria; they lack cellular structures.

    Protein Structures

    • Proteins have various structural levels:
      • Tertiary: Final folded shape of a protein.
      • Quaternary: Arrangement of multiple polypeptides or subunits; involves independently folding units called domains.
    • Denaturation of proteins leads to loss of structure and function, triggered by extreme pH, high temperature, or denaturing agents.

    Upcoming Tasks

    • Review chapters relevant to the module.
    • Engage in blended learning activities.
    • Prepare to complete Module 2 and progress to Module 3 on Microbial Nutrition.

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