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What is the term used for the process when microorganisms become resident flora without causing disease?
What is the term used for the process when microorganisms become resident flora without causing disease?
Asepsis refers to the presence of disease-causing microorganisms.
Asepsis refers to the presence of disease-causing microorganisms.
False
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation?
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
The ________ of microorganisms that can cause infection in a host is called virulence.
The ________ of microorganisms that can cause infection in a host is called virulence.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response?
What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response?
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Swelling is one of the classic signs of inflammation.
Swelling is one of the classic signs of inflammation.
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What does the suffix '-itis' indicate about a condition?
What does the suffix '-itis' indicate about a condition?
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An infection that spreads throughout the body rather than being concentrated in one area is known as a __________ infection.
An infection that spreads throughout the body rather than being concentrated in one area is known as a __________ infection.
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Match the following signs of inflammation with their descriptions:
Match the following signs of inflammation with their descriptions:
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What type of infection is characterized by pathogens that invade a specific point of the body and multiply there?
What type of infection is characterized by pathogens that invade a specific point of the body and multiply there?
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What is the incubation period?
What is the incubation period?
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Opportunistic infections can cause disease in healthy individuals.
Opportunistic infections can cause disease in healthy individuals.
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During the prodromal stage, specific symptoms of the disease begin to manifest.
During the prodromal stage, specific symptoms of the disease begin to manifest.
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What is the term for an infection that occurs slowly over a long period, potentially lasting months or years?
What is the term for an infection that occurs slowly over a long period, potentially lasting months or years?
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What is the characteristic of the illness period?
What is the characteristic of the illness period?
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An infection that arises when a patient already suffering from a disease contracts a new infection from another host is called a ______.
An infection that arises when a patient already suffering from a disease contracts a new infection from another host is called a ______.
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The __________ stage is when the person's immune response helps them regain strength after an illness.
The __________ stage is when the person's immune response helps them regain strength after an illness.
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Match the following types of infections with their definitions:
Match the following types of infections with their definitions:
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Match the symptoms to the system affected:
Match the symptoms to the system affected:
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Which of the following is an example of a chronic infection?
Which of the following is an example of a chronic infection?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with the central nervous system?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with the central nervous system?
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A subclinical infection shows apparent clinical symptoms.
A subclinical infection shows apparent clinical symptoms.
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A patient is usually contagious during the illness stage.
A patient is usually contagious during the illness stage.
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What type of infection is typically associated with health care facilities?
What type of infection is typically associated with health care facilities?
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What may occur during the convalescence stage even after recovery from an illness?
What may occur during the convalescence stage even after recovery from an illness?
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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the evolution of resistant microbial organisms?
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the evolution of resistant microbial organisms?
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A local infection is characterized by pathogens spreading throughout the body and damaging multiple organs.
A local infection is characterized by pathogens spreading throughout the body and damaging multiple organs.
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What is the main clinical manifestation of systemic infection?
What is the main clinical manifestation of systemic infection?
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The ________ response of tissues to an injurious or infectious agent is known as inflammation.
The ________ response of tissues to an injurious or infectious agent is known as inflammation.
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of a systemic infection?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of a systemic infection?
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Chills are a symptom typically triggered by systemic infection.
Chills are a symptom typically triggered by systemic infection.
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What are broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against?
What are broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against?
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Fever can lead to a decrease in __________ and may cause dehydration.
Fever can lead to a decrease in __________ and may cause dehydration.
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Which of the following is an example of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?
Which of the following is an example of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?
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Antibacterial drugs are effective against viruses.
Antibacterial drugs are effective against viruses.
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Match the following antifungal drugs with their descriptions:
Match the following antifungal drugs with their descriptions:
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What triggers the feeling of nausea during a systemic infection?
What triggers the feeling of nausea during a systemic infection?
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Study Notes
Microbiology: Local and Systemic Effects of Invasion by Microorganism
- The topic is about the effects of invasion by microorganisms, covering both local and systemic responses.
- Microorganisms exist everywhere; many are harmless, some beneficial.
- Infection occurs when an organism colonizes and multiplies within a host.
- Asepsis is the absence of disease-causing microorganisms.
- Colonization is organisms residing and multiplying without causing disease.
- Contamination is the presence of microorganisms on a surface.
- Infectious disease results from microorganism invasion and multiplication within a host.
- Sepsis is the presence of bacteria or other infectious organisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues.
- Pathogen is a microorganism capable of causing disease.
- Phagocytosis is the engulfing of microorganisms by phagocytes.
- Virulence is the degree to which a microorganism can cause infection in a host.
- Infection is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues leading to cellular injury.
- Some microorganisms are normal residents but can infect other parts; for example, Escherichia coli in the urinary tract. Infection begins with transmission of organisms and may progress to infectious disease.
- Infections are categorized by severity, duration, and the extent throughout the body.
- Local infection: pathogen limited to a specific body part and multiplying there. Indicators vary depending on affected system.
- Systemic infection: pathogen spread and damages different parts of the body. Examples include measles and chickenpox.
- Infections can also be classified as acute or chronic.
- Acute infection: sudden onset and short duration (e.g., influenza).
- Chronic infection: slow onset and long duration (e.g., tuberculosis, hepatitis C, syphilis).
- Other types of infections include:
- Latent infectious disease: microorganisms remain dormant for a period and become active, often when under stress (e.g., herpes virus, chickenpox).
- Opportunistic infection: not normally pathogenic to healthy people but can be pathogenic to those with compromised immune systems.
- Primary infection: initial infection caused by microorganisms in the host.
- Reinfection: subsequent infection by the same organism in the same host.
- Secondary infection: new infection by a different organism due to a weakened immune system caused by an initial infection .
- Cross-infection: new infection from another host or external source.
- Nosocomial infection: cross-infection occurring in the hospital (hospital-acquired infection).
- Subclinical infection: infection with no apparent clinical symptoms.
- The stages of infection include:
- Incubation: time between infection and symptoms, agent enters tissues and multiplies; highly contagious.
- Prodromal: nonspecific symptoms arise, agent continues invasion & multiplication; contagious.
- Illness: symptoms manifest (e.g., fever, muscle pain, sore throat); contagious.
- Convalescence: immune response overcomes the pathogen; symptoms subside; some infections cause permanent damage.
- Clinical manifestations of local infection: vary depending on affected system; example includes inflammation (redness, pain, swelling, heat), respiratory problems, urinary issues, gastrointestinal issues, or nervous system problems.
- Inflammation: local, nonspecific, defensive response to injury or infection.
- Purpose of inflammation includes neutralizing and destroying harmful agents, limiting their spread, and preparing damaged tissues for repair.
- The five classic signs of inflammation are pain from irritation of nerve endings, swelling from accumulated fluids, redness from increased blood flow, heat from hyperemia (increased blood supply), and impaired function due to injury.
- Systemic infection definition: pathogen distributed throughout different parts of the body rather than confined to one area. Can be life threatening.
- Clinical manifestations of systemic infection include: malaise (feeling tired), fever, chills, aches, nausea, vomiting.
- Antimicrobial therapy: substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or destroy other microorganisms growth.
- Antibiotics: substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or destroy microorganisms. Categorized as broad spectrum (affect many bacteria) or narrow spectrum (affect only specific bacteria).
- Mode of action of antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis or other metabolic processes
- Antiviral chemotherapy: few antiviral drugs exist; antibacterial drugs are not effective against viruses. Viruses are intracellular, thus therapy must enter host cells. High level of selective toxicity is required.
- Antifungal drugs: limited number of available medications. Examples include Nystatin (for yeast and fungi) and Griseofulvin (for superficial and some systemic fungal infections)
- Drug resistance: bacteria adapt to drugs through various methods. Factors which contribute includes, over-prescription, inappropriate use, and incomplete prescription cycles.
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Description
Explore the local and systemic effects of microorganism invasion in this quiz. Learn about concepts such as infection, colonization, and the role of different microorganisms in health and disease. Test your knowledge on asepsis, sepsis, and virulence in the human body.
