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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?
- Cilia
- Sebum
- Gastric acid
- Phagocytes (correct)
Examples of first line of defense include?
Examples of first line of defense include?
- Mucous, tears and neutrophils
- Sebum, sweat and macrophages
- Lysozymes, vasodilation and inflammation
- Cilia, mucous and lysozymes (correct)
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.
- Amylase
- Sebum
- Lysozymes (correct)
- Salivase
The inflammatory response is characterised by?
The inflammatory response is characterised by?
One of the ways in which normal flora benefits the host is by:
One of the ways in which normal flora benefits the host is by:
Which nonspecific defence cell specialises in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
Which nonspecific defence cell specialises in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called?
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called?
The main phagocytic cells in the body are?
The main phagocytic cells in the body are?
What causes the swelling associated with the acute inflammatory response?
What causes the swelling associated with the acute inflammatory response?
Which type of organism is known for producing endospores?
Which type of organism is known for producing endospores?
Bacteria classification as gram positive or gram negative is based on what characteristic?
Bacteria classification as gram positive or gram negative is based on what characteristic?
What describes a prion?
What describes a prion?
Which microorganism is characterized by a cell wall but lacks a nucleus?
Which microorganism is characterized by a cell wall but lacks a nucleus?
Which microorganism can only replicate by invading a host cell?
Which microorganism can only replicate by invading a host cell?
What structure do bacteria utilize for attachment to surfaces?
What structure do bacteria utilize for attachment to surfaces?
What defines an opportunistic infection?
What defines an opportunistic infection?
What is the common cause of healthcare-associated infections?
What is the common cause of healthcare-associated infections?
What does it mean if a microorganism is described as a superbug?
What does it mean if a microorganism is described as a superbug?
Which statement accurately describes a superbug?
Which statement accurately describes a superbug?
What characterizes an endogenous infection?
What characterizes an endogenous infection?
What is the most common site for hospital-acquired infections?
What is the most common site for hospital-acquired infections?
How can vancomycin-resistant enterococci be described?
How can vancomycin-resistant enterococci be described?
What does the term polypharmacy refer to?
What does the term polypharmacy refer to?
Which body site is most commonly known for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization?
Which body site is most commonly known for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization?
What is the significance of a drug's therapeutic index?
What is the significance of a drug's therapeutic index?
Which factor commonly compromises the effectiveness of parenteral drug administration?
Which factor commonly compromises the effectiveness of parenteral drug administration?
What defines an infection that is primarily caused by organisms not normally pathogenic under typical conditions?
What defines an infection that is primarily caused by organisms not normally pathogenic under typical conditions?
What aspect does pharmacology study in relation to drugs?
What aspect does pharmacology study in relation to drugs?
In terms of drug absorption, which barrier is considered the least effective?
In terms of drug absorption, which barrier is considered the least effective?
What critical factor determines how much of a drug remains effective in the bloodstream?
What critical factor determines how much of a drug remains effective in the bloodstream?
Which of the following is an example of the first line of defense against microorganisms?
Which of the following is an example of the first line of defense against microorganisms?
What type of microorganism is known for producing endospores?
What type of microorganism is known for producing endospores?
Which of the following represents a part of the second line of defense against pathogens?
Which of the following represents a part of the second line of defense against pathogens?
The extent of vascular permeability during the inflammatory response is primarily increased by what process?
The extent of vascular permeability during the inflammatory response is primarily increased by what process?
Which drug administration method would be compromised by poor vascularization at the injection site?
Which drug administration method would be compromised by poor vascularization at the injection site?
What is the significance of a drug's therapeutic index?
What is the significance of a drug's therapeutic index?
What primarily causes swelling during the acute inflammatory response?
What primarily causes swelling during the acute inflammatory response?
Bacteria classification as gram positive or gram negative involves determining which structural component?
Bacteria classification as gram positive or gram negative involves determining which structural component?
Which microorganism is specifically known for being resistant to multiple antibiotics?
Which microorganism is specifically known for being resistant to multiple antibiotics?
An opportunistic infection is characterized as one that occurs under which condition?
An opportunistic infection is characterized as one that occurs under which condition?
Which organism is capable of causing disease mainly when the host's defenses are weakened?
Which organism is capable of causing disease mainly when the host's defenses are weakened?
Which type of microorganism solely relies on invading a host cell for replication?
Which type of microorganism solely relies on invading a host cell for replication?
Which body site is considered the most common source of hospital-acquired infections?
Which body site is considered the most common source of hospital-acquired infections?
What defines a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?
What defines a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?
What characteristic is unique to prions among infectious agents?
What characteristic is unique to prions among infectious agents?
Which factor is crucial for the classification of a microorganism as a superbug?
Which factor is crucial for the classification of a microorganism as a superbug?
What substance in the body helps in the formation of the first line of defense against pathogens through barrier functions?
What substance in the body helps in the formation of the first line of defense against pathogens through barrier functions?
What is the primary role of natural killer cells in the immune response?
What is the primary role of natural killer cells in the immune response?
Which of the following organisms typically has no nucleus, making it distinct from other cell types?
Which of the following organisms typically has no nucleus, making it distinct from other cell types?
Which mechanism primarily triggers inflammation during an acute immune response?
Which mechanism primarily triggers inflammation during an acute immune response?
The presence of which enzyme in saliva and tears helps to mitigate bacterial infections?
The presence of which enzyme in saliva and tears helps to mitigate bacterial infections?
What physiological change occurs during the acute inflammatory response, leading to increased blood flow to the affected area?
What physiological change occurs during the acute inflammatory response, leading to increased blood flow to the affected area?
Which of the following best describes an opportunistic infection?
Which of the following best describes an opportunistic infection?
During the repair process, which phase typically follows the inflammatory response in wound healing?
During the repair process, which phase typically follows the inflammatory response in wound healing?
What is the role of normal flora in the human body?
What is the role of normal flora in the human body?
What is the predominant type of immune cell involved in the clearance of dead cells and debris during the inflammatory response?
What is the predominant type of immune cell involved in the clearance of dead cells and debris during the inflammatory response?
How does the therapeutic index of a drug relate to its safety and efficacy?
How does the therapeutic index of a drug relate to its safety and efficacy?
In which way does transdermal drug administration primarily benefit patients?
In which way does transdermal drug administration primarily benefit patients?
What impact does the process of increased vascular permeability have during the inflammatory response?
What impact does the process of increased vascular permeability have during the inflammatory response?
What explains the significance of receptor affinity in drug action?
What explains the significance of receptor affinity in drug action?
What consequence does polypharmacy often have for older patients?
What consequence does polypharmacy often have for older patients?
Why is understanding pharmacokinetics essential for healthcare professionals?
Why is understanding pharmacokinetics essential for healthcare professionals?
What is the main challenge when conducting intravenous drug administration?
What is the main challenge when conducting intravenous drug administration?
What is a primary characteristic of healthcare-associated infections?
What is a primary characteristic of healthcare-associated infections?
Which of the following best describes the role of natural killer cells in the immune response?
Which of the following best describes the role of natural killer cells in the immune response?
How does the concept of bioavailability impact the use of medications?
How does the concept of bioavailability impact the use of medications?
What type of infection is caused by organisms from a person's own body when they would normally not cause disease?
What type of infection is caused by organisms from a person's own body when they would normally not cause disease?
Which microorganism is specifically characterized by resistance to several antibiotics?
Which microorganism is specifically characterized by resistance to several antibiotics?
Which of the following best describes a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?
Which of the following best describes a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?
How does the therapeutic index of a drug relate to its safety?
How does the therapeutic index of a drug relate to its safety?
What is a subclinical infection?
What is a subclinical infection?
What does the term 'polypharmacy' refer to in the context of medication?
What does the term 'polypharmacy' refer to in the context of medication?
What is the primary anatomical site for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization?
What is the primary anatomical site for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization?
What important role does fimbriae play for bacteria?
What important role does fimbriae play for bacteria?
What is the significance of drug absorption through the skin rate?
What is the significance of drug absorption through the skin rate?
Which of the following correctly defines an endogenous infection?
Which of the following correctly defines an endogenous infection?
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?
Examples of first line of defense include:
Examples of first line of defense include:
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria:
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria:
The inflammatory response is characterised by:
The inflammatory response is characterised by:
The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
Examples of second lines of defence include:
Examples of second lines of defence include:
Which nonspecific defence cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
Which nonspecific defence cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
Which of the following is described as a mutated protein which is responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
Which of the following is described as a mutated protein which is responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
An opportunistic infection is:
An opportunistic infection is:
An example of an endogenous infection would be:
An example of an endogenous infection would be:
A healthcare associated infection is:
A healthcare associated infection is:
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
A superbug is a microorganism which:
A superbug is a microorganism which:
A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises:
A subclinical infection is:
A subclinical infection is:
The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
The extent of a drug’s protein binding determines its:
The extent of a drug’s protein binding determines its:
The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
Study Notes
Immune System Defence
- Second Line of Defence: Includes phagocytes and natural killer cells, which act against pathogens after the first line is breached.
- First Line of Defence: Composed of physical and chemical barriers such as cilia, mucous, and lysozymes found in saliva and tears.
Inflammatory Response
- Characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins, enabling fluid and immune cells to access affected tissues.
- Causes of acute inflammatory response include dust, bites, and infections.
Role of Normal Flora
- Beneficial flora inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, thus protecting the host.
Phagocytic Cells
- Major phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils, critical for engulfing and destroying pathogens.
Wound Healing Phases
- Proliferative phase involves the formation of new epithelial tissue.
Swelling Mechanism
- Results from leakage of fluid into surrounding tissues due to increased permeability of blood vessels during inflammation.
Microorganisms
- Endospore Producers: Bacteria are known for producing resilient endospores.
- Bacteria Classification: Distinguished as gram-positive or gram-negative based on cell wall structure.
- Prions: Mutated proteins linked to diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
- Viruses: Require host cells for replication and possess a capsid surrounding their nucleic material.
- Fimbriae: Structures used by bacteria for surface attachment.
Infections
- Opportunistic Infections: Caused by organisms that typically don’t cause disease but do under certain conditions.
- Endogenous Infections: Infections originating from the person’s own body, such as gastrointestinal tract organisms.
- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs): Acquired during healthcare treatments.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci are capable of causing infections, such as surgical wounds, despite being resistant to vancomycin.
- Superbugs are defined as microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics.
Hospital-Acquired Infections
- Most commonly occur in the urinary tract, primarily caused by bacteria.
Drug Information
- Pharmacology: The study encompassing the use, effects, and action of drugs.
- Transdermal Administration: Mostly done via patches, allowing for systemic absorption.
- Therapeutic Index: A critical measure of a drug's safety, indicating potential toxicity.
- Skin: The most effective barrier for drug absorption.
- High Receptor Affinity: Indicates a drug's greater potency.
- 20th Century Drug Sources: Most drugs were made synthetically rather than derived from plants or fungi.
Drug Metabolism and Administration
- Microsomes: Found in liver cells, play a key role in drug metabolism.
- Polypharmacy: More prevalent in elderly populations who often receive multiple prescriptions.
- Half-Life Calculation: For morphine, after three half-lives (9 hours), a 25 mg dose dwindles to about 6.25 mg after 6 hours.
- Protein Binding: Determines drug bioavailability, influencing therapeutic outcomes.
- Parenteral Administration Issues: Effectiveness can be reduced by poor blood supply at the injection site.
- Rectal Administration: Commonly via suppositories for systemic effects.
Immune System Defence
- Second Line of Defence: Includes phagocytes and natural killer cells, which act against pathogens after the first line is breached.
- First Line of Defence: Composed of physical and chemical barriers such as cilia, mucous, and lysozymes found in saliva and tears.
Inflammatory Response
- Characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins, enabling fluid and immune cells to access affected tissues.
- Causes of acute inflammatory response include dust, bites, and infections.
Role of Normal Flora
- Beneficial flora inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, thus protecting the host.
Phagocytic Cells
- Major phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils, critical for engulfing and destroying pathogens.
Wound Healing Phases
- Proliferative phase involves the formation of new epithelial tissue.
Swelling Mechanism
- Results from leakage of fluid into surrounding tissues due to increased permeability of blood vessels during inflammation.
Microorganisms
- Endospore Producers: Bacteria are known for producing resilient endospores.
- Bacteria Classification: Distinguished as gram-positive or gram-negative based on cell wall structure.
- Prions: Mutated proteins linked to diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
- Viruses: Require host cells for replication and possess a capsid surrounding their nucleic material.
- Fimbriae: Structures used by bacteria for surface attachment.
Infections
- Opportunistic Infections: Caused by organisms that typically don’t cause disease but do under certain conditions.
- Endogenous Infections: Infections originating from the person’s own body, such as gastrointestinal tract organisms.
- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs): Acquired during healthcare treatments.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci are capable of causing infections, such as surgical wounds, despite being resistant to vancomycin.
- Superbugs are defined as microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics.
Hospital-Acquired Infections
- Most commonly occur in the urinary tract, primarily caused by bacteria.
Drug Information
- Pharmacology: The study encompassing the use, effects, and action of drugs.
- Transdermal Administration: Mostly done via patches, allowing for systemic absorption.
- Therapeutic Index: A critical measure of a drug's safety, indicating potential toxicity.
- Skin: The most effective barrier for drug absorption.
- High Receptor Affinity: Indicates a drug's greater potency.
- 20th Century Drug Sources: Most drugs were made synthetically rather than derived from plants or fungi.
Drug Metabolism and Administration
- Microsomes: Found in liver cells, play a key role in drug metabolism.
- Polypharmacy: More prevalent in elderly populations who often receive multiple prescriptions.
- Half-Life Calculation: For morphine, after three half-lives (9 hours), a 25 mg dose dwindles to about 6.25 mg after 6 hours.
- Protein Binding: Determines drug bioavailability, influencing therapeutic outcomes.
- Parenteral Administration Issues: Effectiveness can be reduced by poor blood supply at the injection site.
- Rectal Administration: Commonly via suppositories for systemic effects.
Immune System Defenses
- Second line of defense against microorganisms includes phagocytes.
- First line of defense comprises cilia, mucous, and lysozymes.
- Saliva and tears contain lysozymes which destroy certain bacteria.
- Inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins.
Infection Types
- Acute inflammatory response can be caused by dust, bites, and infection.
- Normal flora benefits the host by inhibiting harmful microorganisms.
- Second lines of defense also include natural killer cells.
- Natural killer cells attack early cancer and virus-infected cells.
- Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected ones.
Wound Healing
- Main phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils.
- Proliferative phase of wound healing involves formation of new epithelial tissue.
- Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to fluid leakage from increased blood vessel permeability.
Microorganism Characteristics
- Bacteria can produce endospores.
- Classification of bacteria as gram positive or negative is based on cell wall structure.
- Prions are mutated proteins responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
- Bacteria possess a cell wall and lack a nucleus.
Microbial Reproduction
- Viruses can only reproduce by invading host cells.
- Fimbriae help bacteria attach to surfaces.
- Viruses consist of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and require host cells to replicate.
Infection Definitions
- Opportunistic infections arise from organisms that typically do not cause disease but can under certain conditions.
- Endogenous infections originate from a person's own flora, such as gastrointestinal tract organisms.
- Healthcare-associated infections are acquired specifically within healthcare settings.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Vancomycin-resistant enterococci can cause surgical wound infections.
- Superbugs are microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics.
- Healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) occur while patients are in facilities.
- The most common sites of hospital-acquired infections include the urinary tract.
Pharmacology Basics
- A subclinical infection does not produce recognizable signs or symptoms.
- Pharmacology studies the use, effects, and action modes of drugs.
- Transdermal administration is typically administered in patch form.
- The therapeutic index of a drug indicates its toxicity levels.
- The skin is the most effective barrier to drug absorption.
Drug Absorption and Metabolism
- A drug with high receptor affinity is considered more potent.
- In the 20th century, the most common drug source was synthetic production.
- Microsomes for drug metabolism are primarily found in liver cells.
- Polypharmacy is particularly prevalent among aging patients.
Drug Half-life Calculation
- The half-life of morphine is 3 hours; a 25 mg dose will leave approximately 6.25 mg in the body after 6 hours.
Drug Administration Techniques
- The effectiveness of parenteral drug administration can be compromised by poor vascularization.
- Rectal administration is effectively done using suppositories.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the body's defense mechanisms against microorganisms. This quiz covers the first and second line of defense, including the role of various enzymes and cells involved in immunity. Answer questions related to the components that protect our body from infections.
