Microbiology Defense Mechanisms Quiz hard
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?

  • Cilia
  • Sebum
  • Gastric acid
  • Phagocytes (correct)

    • Examples of first line of defense include?

  • Mucous, tears and neutrophils
  • Sebum, sweat and macrophages
  • Lysozymes, vasodilation and inflammation
  • Cilia, mucous and lysozymes (correct)

    • Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.

  • Amylase
  • Sebum
  • Lysozymes (correct)
  • Salivase

    • The inflammatory response is characterised by?

    <p>Increased vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the ways in which normal flora benefits the host is by:

    <p>Inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nonspecific defence cell specialises in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called?

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main phagocytic cells in the body are?

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the swelling associated with the acute inflammatory response?

    <p>Leakage of fluid due to increased permeability of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism is known for producing endospores?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria classification as gram positive or gram negative is based on what characteristic?

    <p>Cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a prion?

    <p>A mutated protein involved in certain diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is characterized by a cell wall but lacks a nucleus?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism can only replicate by invading a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do bacteria utilize for attachment to surfaces?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an opportunistic infection?

    <p>An infection from a normally unharmful organism under specific conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of healthcare-associated infections?

    <p>Infections caused by the patient's normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a microorganism is described as a superbug?

    <p>It is resistant to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a superbug?

    <p>A microorganism resistant to multiple types of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an endogenous infection?

    <p>An infection originating from a person's own flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site for hospital-acquired infections?

    <p>Urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can vancomycin-resistant enterococci be described?

    <p>They can cause surgical wound infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term polypharmacy refer to?

    <p>The concurrent use of multiple medications by a patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body site is most commonly known for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization?

    <p>Nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a drug's therapeutic index?

    <p>It indicates the safety margin of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor commonly compromises the effectiveness of parenteral drug administration?

    <p>Poor vascularization at the site of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an infection that is primarily caused by organisms not normally pathogenic under typical conditions?

    <p>An opportunistic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does pharmacology study in relation to drugs?

    <p>Effects and mode of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of drug absorption, which barrier is considered the least effective?

    <p>Stomach lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical factor determines how much of a drug remains effective in the bloodstream?

    <p>Protein binding extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the first line of defense against microorganisms?

    <p>Skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microorganism is known for producing endospores?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a part of the second line of defense against pathogens?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extent of vascular permeability during the inflammatory response is primarily increased by what process?

    <p>Histamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug administration method would be compromised by poor vascularization at the injection site?

    <p>Subcutaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a drug's therapeutic index?

    <p>Measures the margin of safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes swelling during the acute inflammatory response?

    <p>Leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue due to increased permeability of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria classification as gram positive or gram negative involves determining which structural component?

    <p>Cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is specifically known for being resistant to multiple antibiotics?

    <p>Bacteria with plasmids for antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An opportunistic infection is characterized as one that occurs under which condition?

    <p>Caused by normal flora under certain conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is capable of causing disease mainly when the host's defenses are weakened?

    <p>Normal flora bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism solely relies on invading a host cell for replication?

    <p>Viruses that require host machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body site is considered the most common source of hospital-acquired infections?

    <p>Surgical site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?

    <p>Infection acquired in a healthcare setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to prions among infectious agents?

    <p>Composed of misfolded proteins without nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the classification of a microorganism as a superbug?

    <p>Resistance to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance in the body helps in the formation of the first line of defense against pathogens through barrier functions?

    <p>Mucins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of natural killer cells in the immune response?

    <p>To directly kill virus-infected or tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms typically has no nucleus, making it distinct from other cell types?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily triggers inflammation during an acute immune response?

    <p>Histamine release from mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of which enzyme in saliva and tears helps to mitigate bacterial infections?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs during the acute inflammatory response, leading to increased blood flow to the affected area?

    <p>Vasodilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an opportunistic infection?

    <p>An infection that occurs when the immune system is compromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the repair process, which phase typically follows the inflammatory response in wound healing?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of normal flora in the human body?

    <p>To compete with harmful microorganisms for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant type of immune cell involved in the clearance of dead cells and debris during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the therapeutic index of a drug relate to its safety and efficacy?

    <p>It is a ratio that compares the lethal dose to the effective dose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way does transdermal drug administration primarily benefit patients?

    <p>It circumvents first-pass metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the process of increased vascular permeability have during the inflammatory response?

    <p>It allows serum proteins and nutrients to reach the tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explains the significance of receptor affinity in drug action?

    <p>Higher receptor affinity typically correlates to higher potency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does polypharmacy often have for older patients?

    <p>It leads to decreased medication adherence and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding pharmacokinetics essential for healthcare professionals?

    <p>It examines metabolic pathways and elimination processes of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge when conducting intravenous drug administration?

    <p>It can potentially introduce infections if aseptic techniques are neglected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of healthcare-associated infections?

    <p>They arise after a patient has received treatment in a healthcare facility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of natural killer cells in the immune response?

    <p>They specifically target and destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of bioavailability impact the use of medications?

    <p>It indicates how much of a drug enters circulation after administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is caused by organisms from a person's own body when they would normally not cause disease?

    <p>Opportunistic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is specifically characterized by resistance to several antibiotics?

    <p>Superbug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?

    <p>Infection that originates in a healthcare facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the therapeutic index of a drug relate to its safety?

    <p>A high therapeutic index suggests a wide margin of safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a subclinical infection?

    <p>An infection that produces no recognizable signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'polypharmacy' refer to in the context of medication?

    <p>Use of many pharmacological agents by a patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary anatomical site for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization?

    <p>Nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important role does fimbriae play for bacteria?

    <p>Aiding in attachment to surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of drug absorption through the skin rate?

    <p>The skin serves as the most effective barrier to drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines an endogenous infection?

    <p>Infection by previously dormant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?

    <p>Phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of first line of defense include:

    <p>Cilia, mucous and lysozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria:

    <p>Lysozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response is characterised by:

    <p>Increased vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:

    <p>Dust, bites and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:

    <p>Inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of second lines of defence include:

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nonspecific defence cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main phagocytic cells in the body are:

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?

    <p>Formation of new epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:

    <p>Leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue due to increased permeability of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism produces endospores?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:

    <p>Cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is described as a mutated protein which is responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?

    <p>Prion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An opportunistic infection is:

    <p>An infection caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of an endogenous infection would be:

    <p>An infection caused by organisms from the person's own gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthcare associated infection is:

    <p>An infection acquired only in a healthcare facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:

    <p>Can cause surgical wound infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A superbug is a microorganism which:

    <p>Is resistant to multiple types of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:

    <p>Acquired whilst in a healthcare facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?

    <p>Urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises:

    <p>The nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A subclinical infection is:

    <p>An infection that does not produce any recognisable signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:

    <p>In the form of a patch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:

    <p>Toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:

    <p>More potent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:

    <p>Made synthetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:

    <p>Cells of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polypharmacy is more common in patients:

    <p>With increasing age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?

    <p>6.25 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extent of a drug’s protein binding determines its:

    <p>Bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:

    <p>By poor vascularisation at the site of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:

    <p>As a suppository</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Defence

    • Second Line of Defence: Includes phagocytes and natural killer cells, which act against pathogens after the first line is breached.
    • First Line of Defence: Composed of physical and chemical barriers such as cilia, mucous, and lysozymes found in saliva and tears.

    Inflammatory Response

    • Characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins, enabling fluid and immune cells to access affected tissues.
    • Causes of acute inflammatory response include dust, bites, and infections.

    Role of Normal Flora

    • Beneficial flora inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, thus protecting the host.

    Phagocytic Cells

    • Major phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils, critical for engulfing and destroying pathogens.

    Wound Healing Phases

    • Proliferative phase involves the formation of new epithelial tissue.

    Swelling Mechanism

    • Results from leakage of fluid into surrounding tissues due to increased permeability of blood vessels during inflammation.

    Microorganisms

    • Endospore Producers: Bacteria are known for producing resilient endospores.
    • Bacteria Classification: Distinguished as gram-positive or gram-negative based on cell wall structure.
    • Prions: Mutated proteins linked to diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
    • Viruses: Require host cells for replication and possess a capsid surrounding their nucleic material.
    • Fimbriae: Structures used by bacteria for surface attachment.

    Infections

    • Opportunistic Infections: Caused by organisms that typically don’t cause disease but do under certain conditions.
    • Endogenous Infections: Infections originating from the person’s own body, such as gastrointestinal tract organisms.
    • Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs): Acquired during healthcare treatments.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci are capable of causing infections, such as surgical wounds, despite being resistant to vancomycin.
    • Superbugs are defined as microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics.

    Hospital-Acquired Infections

    • Most commonly occur in the urinary tract, primarily caused by bacteria.

    Drug Information

    • Pharmacology: The study encompassing the use, effects, and action of drugs.
    • Transdermal Administration: Mostly done via patches, allowing for systemic absorption.
    • Therapeutic Index: A critical measure of a drug's safety, indicating potential toxicity.
    • Skin: The most effective barrier for drug absorption.
    • High Receptor Affinity: Indicates a drug's greater potency.
    • 20th Century Drug Sources: Most drugs were made synthetically rather than derived from plants or fungi.

    Drug Metabolism and Administration

    • Microsomes: Found in liver cells, play a key role in drug metabolism.
    • Polypharmacy: More prevalent in elderly populations who often receive multiple prescriptions.
    • Half-Life Calculation: For morphine, after three half-lives (9 hours), a 25 mg dose dwindles to about 6.25 mg after 6 hours.
    • Protein Binding: Determines drug bioavailability, influencing therapeutic outcomes.
    • Parenteral Administration Issues: Effectiveness can be reduced by poor blood supply at the injection site.
    • Rectal Administration: Commonly via suppositories for systemic effects.

    Immune System Defence

    • Second Line of Defence: Includes phagocytes and natural killer cells, which act against pathogens after the first line is breached.
    • First Line of Defence: Composed of physical and chemical barriers such as cilia, mucous, and lysozymes found in saliva and tears.

    Inflammatory Response

    • Characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins, enabling fluid and immune cells to access affected tissues.
    • Causes of acute inflammatory response include dust, bites, and infections.

    Role of Normal Flora

    • Beneficial flora inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, thus protecting the host.

    Phagocytic Cells

    • Major phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils, critical for engulfing and destroying pathogens.

    Wound Healing Phases

    • Proliferative phase involves the formation of new epithelial tissue.

    Swelling Mechanism

    • Results from leakage of fluid into surrounding tissues due to increased permeability of blood vessels during inflammation.

    Microorganisms

    • Endospore Producers: Bacteria are known for producing resilient endospores.
    • Bacteria Classification: Distinguished as gram-positive or gram-negative based on cell wall structure.
    • Prions: Mutated proteins linked to diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
    • Viruses: Require host cells for replication and possess a capsid surrounding their nucleic material.
    • Fimbriae: Structures used by bacteria for surface attachment.

    Infections

    • Opportunistic Infections: Caused by organisms that typically don’t cause disease but do under certain conditions.
    • Endogenous Infections: Infections originating from the person’s own body, such as gastrointestinal tract organisms.
    • Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs): Acquired during healthcare treatments.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci are capable of causing infections, such as surgical wounds, despite being resistant to vancomycin.
    • Superbugs are defined as microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics.

    Hospital-Acquired Infections

    • Most commonly occur in the urinary tract, primarily caused by bacteria.

    Drug Information

    • Pharmacology: The study encompassing the use, effects, and action of drugs.
    • Transdermal Administration: Mostly done via patches, allowing for systemic absorption.
    • Therapeutic Index: A critical measure of a drug's safety, indicating potential toxicity.
    • Skin: The most effective barrier for drug absorption.
    • High Receptor Affinity: Indicates a drug's greater potency.
    • 20th Century Drug Sources: Most drugs were made synthetically rather than derived from plants or fungi.

    Drug Metabolism and Administration

    • Microsomes: Found in liver cells, play a key role in drug metabolism.
    • Polypharmacy: More prevalent in elderly populations who often receive multiple prescriptions.
    • Half-Life Calculation: For morphine, after three half-lives (9 hours), a 25 mg dose dwindles to about 6.25 mg after 6 hours.
    • Protein Binding: Determines drug bioavailability, influencing therapeutic outcomes.
    • Parenteral Administration Issues: Effectiveness can be reduced by poor blood supply at the injection site.
    • Rectal Administration: Commonly via suppositories for systemic effects.

    Immune System Defenses

    • Second line of defense against microorganisms includes phagocytes.
    • First line of defense comprises cilia, mucous, and lysozymes.
    • Saliva and tears contain lysozymes which destroy certain bacteria.
    • Inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins.

    Infection Types

    • Acute inflammatory response can be caused by dust, bites, and infection.
    • Normal flora benefits the host by inhibiting harmful microorganisms.
    • Second lines of defense also include natural killer cells.
    • Natural killer cells attack early cancer and virus-infected cells.
    • Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected ones.

    Wound Healing

    • Main phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils.
    • Proliferative phase of wound healing involves formation of new epithelial tissue.
    • Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to fluid leakage from increased blood vessel permeability.

    Microorganism Characteristics

    • Bacteria can produce endospores.
    • Classification of bacteria as gram positive or negative is based on cell wall structure.
    • Prions are mutated proteins responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
    • Bacteria possess a cell wall and lack a nucleus.

    Microbial Reproduction

    • Viruses can only reproduce by invading host cells.
    • Fimbriae help bacteria attach to surfaces.
    • Viruses consist of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and require host cells to replicate.

    Infection Definitions

    • Opportunistic infections arise from organisms that typically do not cause disease but can under certain conditions.
    • Endogenous infections originate from a person's own flora, such as gastrointestinal tract organisms.
    • Healthcare-associated infections are acquired specifically within healthcare settings.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci can cause surgical wound infections.
    • Superbugs are microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics.
    • Healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) occur while patients are in facilities.
    • The most common sites of hospital-acquired infections include the urinary tract.

    Pharmacology Basics

    • A subclinical infection does not produce recognizable signs or symptoms.
    • Pharmacology studies the use, effects, and action modes of drugs.
    • Transdermal administration is typically administered in patch form.
    • The therapeutic index of a drug indicates its toxicity levels.
    • The skin is the most effective barrier to drug absorption.

    Drug Absorption and Metabolism

    • A drug with high receptor affinity is considered more potent.
    • In the 20th century, the most common drug source was synthetic production.
    • Microsomes for drug metabolism are primarily found in liver cells.
    • Polypharmacy is particularly prevalent among aging patients.

    Drug Half-life Calculation

    • The half-life of morphine is 3 hours; a 25 mg dose will leave approximately 6.25 mg in the body after 6 hours.

    Drug Administration Techniques

    • The effectiveness of parenteral drug administration can be compromised by poor vascularization.
    • Rectal administration is effectively done using suppositories.

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