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Questions and Answers
Which type of immunity is characterized by defenses against any pathogen?
Which type of immunity is characterized by defenses against any pathogen?
- Innate immunity (correct)
- Acquired immunity
- Passive immunity
- Adaptive immunity
Which cells are NOT considered phagocytes?
Which cells are NOT considered phagocytes?
- T cells (correct)
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils
- Dendritic cells
Which protein found in the skin acts as a protective barrier against microbes?
Which protein found in the skin acts as a protective barrier against microbes?
- Collagen
- Elastin
- Fibrinogen
- Keratin (correct)
Which receptors attach to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to induce cytokines?
Which receptors attach to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to induce cytokines?
Which pathway(s) activate(s) the complement system?
Which pathway(s) activate(s) the complement system?
How do some bacteria evade complement?
How do some bacteria evade complement?
What role do interferons (IFNs) play in antiviral defense?
What role do interferons (IFNs) play in antiviral defense?
What type of immunity involves transferrins and antimicrobial peptides?
What type of immunity involves transferrins and antimicrobial peptides?
Where do T and B cells differentiate and develop?
Where do T and B cells differentiate and develop?
What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?
What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?
What does cell-mediated immunity (CMI) involve?
What does cell-mediated immunity (CMI) involve?
How do T cells recognize antigens?
How do T cells recognize antigens?
What guides T cells in recognizing antigens?
What guides T cells in recognizing antigens?
How many antigen-binding sites do B-cell receptors have?
How many antigen-binding sites do B-cell receptors have?
Which of the following is an example of a physical factor contributing to innate immune defense?
Which of the following is an example of a physical factor contributing to innate immune defense?
Which of the following is a chemical factor involved in innate immune defense?
Which of the following is a chemical factor involved in innate immune defense?
What is the role of normal microbiota in the context of innate immunity?
What is the role of normal microbiota in the context of innate immunity?
Which of the following is an essential part of the body's second line of defense?
Which of the following is an essential part of the body's second line of defense?
What do sentinel cells use to identify unique microbial components?
What do sentinel cells use to identify unique microbial components?
Which of the following plays a vital role in destroying invaders as part of innate effector actions?
Which of the following plays a vital role in destroying invaders as part of innate effector actions?
Which cells are responsible for innate immunity in the immune system?
Which cells are responsible for innate immunity in the immune system?
What does the differential white cell count show?
What does the differential white cell count show?
What is the process performed by phagocytes involving the ingestion of microbes or particles?
What is the process performed by phagocytes involving the ingestion of microbes or particles?
Where are pattern recognition receptors found?
Where are pattern recognition receptors found?
What do pattern recognition receptors detect to indicate microbial invasion and cell damage?
What do pattern recognition receptors detect to indicate microbial invasion and cell damage?
What are the phases of phagocytosis?
What are the phases of phagocytosis?
Which process involves the release of chemicals by damaged cells, blood clot formation, abscess formation, margination, diapedesis, and phagocytosis of invading bacteria?
Which process involves the release of chemicals by damaged cells, blood clot formation, abscess formation, margination, diapedesis, and phagocytosis of invading bacteria?
What is the indicator of infection, caused by gram-negative endotoxins, and involves the hypothalamus, interleukin-1, prostaglandins, and increased rate of metabolism?
What is the indicator of infection, caused by gram-negative endotoxins, and involves the hypothalamus, interleukin-1, prostaglandins, and increased rate of metabolism?
What is activated in a cascade, causing opsonization, cytolysis, and attraction of phagocytes?
What is activated in a cascade, causing opsonization, cytolysis, and attraction of phagocytes?
What causes bursting of the microbe due to the inflow of extracellular fluid through the transmembrane channel?
What causes bursting of the microbe due to the inflow of extracellular fluid through the transmembrane channel?
What is the outcome of complement activation that includes opsonization, inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and cytolysis through the formation of the membrane attack complex?
What is the outcome of complement activation that includes opsonization, inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and cytolysis through the formation of the membrane attack complex?
What involves inhibiting adherence, killing phagocytes, lysing phagocytes, escaping phagosome, preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion, and surviving in phagolysosome?
What involves inhibiting adherence, killing phagocytes, lysing phagocytes, escaping phagosome, preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion, and surviving in phagolysosome?
What is the second line of defense involving activation of acute-phase proteins, vasodilation, redness, swelling, pain, heat, and release of chemicals like histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes?
What is the second line of defense involving activation of acute-phase proteins, vasodilation, redness, swelling, pain, heat, and release of chemicals like histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes?
What involves the complement system, which is activated in a cascade, causing opsonization, cytolysis, and attraction of phagocytes?
What involves the complement system, which is activated in a cascade, causing opsonization, cytolysis, and attraction of phagocytes?
What is the process involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, formation of phagosome, fusion with lysosome, digestion, and discharge of waste materials?
What is the process involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, formation of phagosome, fusion with lysosome, digestion, and discharge of waste materials?
What is an indicator of infection, caused by gram-negative endotoxins, and involves the hypothalamus, interleukin-1, prostaglandins, and increased rate of metabolism?
What is an indicator of infection, caused by gram-negative endotoxins, and involves the hypothalamus, interleukin-1, prostaglandins, and increased rate of metabolism?
What is the process involving the release of chemicals, blood clot formation, phagocyte migration, and phagocytosis, and tissue repair?
What is the process involving the release of chemicals, blood clot formation, phagocyte migration, and phagocytosis, and tissue repair?
What involves the complement system, which can be activated through three pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin?
What involves the complement system, which can be activated through three pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin?
What are the two processes that prevent inappropriate adaptive immune responses?
What are the two processes that prevent inappropriate adaptive immune responses?
What is the function of memory lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system?
What is the function of memory lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system?
Which cells are involved in the humoral immune system?
Which cells are involved in the humoral immune system?
Where do T cells mature in the body?
Where do T cells mature in the body?
What are antigens?
What are antigens?
Which class of immunoglobulins is involved in allergic reactions?
Which class of immunoglobulins is involved in allergic reactions?
How are B cells activated to produce antibodies?
How are B cells activated to produce antibodies?
What is clonal selection and differentiation of B cells based on?
What is clonal selection and differentiation of B cells based on?
How are B cells activated through cytokines produced by T helper cells?
How are B cells activated through cytokines produced by T helper cells?
What is the dual nature of the adaptive immune system?
What is the dual nature of the adaptive immune system?
What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
What activates the cellular immune system to respond to intracellular pathogens?
What activates the cellular immune system to respond to intracellular pathogens?
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Study Notes
Phagocytosis and Microbial Evasion Summary
- Phagocytosis is a multi-step process involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, formation of phagosome, fusion with lysosome, digestion, and discharge of waste materials
- Microbial evasion of phagocytosis includes inhibiting adherence, killing phagocytes, lysing phagocytes, escaping phagosome, preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion, and surviving in phagolysosome
- Inflammation is the second line of defense involving activation of acute-phase proteins, vasodilation, redness, swelling, pain, heat, and release of chemicals like histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
- Phagocyte migration and phagocytosis involves the release of chemicals by damaged cells, blood clot formation, abscess formation, margination, diapedesis, and phagocytosis of invading bacteria
- Fever is an indicator of infection, caused by gram-negative endotoxins, and involves the hypothalamus, interleukin-1, prostaglandins, and increased rate of metabolism
- Antimicrobial substances include the complement system, which is activated in a cascade, causing opsonization, cytolysis, and attraction of phagocytes
- The complement system can be activated through three pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin
- Outcomes of complement activation include opsonization, inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and cytolysis through the formation of the membrane attack complex
- Complement activation results in the release of histamine, inflammation, and the formation of the membrane attack complex leading to cytolysis
- The membrane attack complex causes bursting of the microbe due to the inflow of extracellular fluid through the transmembrane channel
- Inflammation is stimulated by complement, leading to various immune responses
- The process of inflammation involves the release of chemicals, blood clot formation, phagocyte migration, and phagocytosis, and tissue repair
Adaptive Immune Tolerance and Responses Overview
- Immune tolerance prevents inappropriate adaptive immune responses by two processes: central tolerance and peripheral tolerance.
- Naïve lymphocytes cannot react until they receive confirming signals, whereas activated lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate.
- Memory lymphocytes provide a faster and more effective secondary response to repeated encounters with the same antigen.
- The adaptive immune system has a dual nature: humoral (antibody-mediated) immune system and cellular (cell-mediated) immune system.
- The humoral immune system involves B cells that mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies.
- The cellular immune system involves T cells that mature in the thymus and respond to intracellular pathogens.
- Antigens are substances that cause the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells, and antibodies interact with antigenic determinants.
- Antibodies are globular proteins called immunoglobulins with different classes like IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, each with specific functions.
- B cells are activated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T-dependent or T-independent antigens to produce antibodies.
- Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells involve the selection of B cells bearing surface immunoglobulins against a specific antigen and clonal expansion.
- Antigens can be presented on the surface of B cells with MHC class II and activate the B cells through cytokines produced by T helper cells.
- The adaptive immune system's dual nature provides comprehensive protection against a wide range of pathogens and is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis in the body.
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