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Questions and Answers
What is the origin of the urinary bladder?
What is the origin of the ureter?
What is the function of the nephron segment that is permeable to water?
What is the function of the macula densa cells?
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What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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What is the function of the theca interna cells?
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What is the site of fertilization?
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What is the layer of the uterus that comes into contact with the embryo during implantation?
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What is the role of prolactina in lactation?
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Which hormone is responsible for milk expulsion?
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What is the function of células de sartoli?
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What is the role of the plexo pampiniforme?
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What is the function of the vesícula seminal?
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What is the term for the liberation of spermatozoa into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule?
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In which week of development do the organs begin to develop?
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From which structure or layer do the primordial germ cells originate?
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What determines whether an individual develops male or female sexual characteristics?
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In which week does the gonad begin to differentiate?
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In males, what begins to develop from the mesonephric duct?
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What gives rise to the Fallopian tubes and the uterus?
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What is the result of the failure of the distal part of the paramesonephric ducts to fuse?
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What is the origin of the labia minora?
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Study Notes
Embryonic Development
- Organs start to develop in the fourth or fifth week of gestation
- Germ cells migrate from the epiblast to the abdominal cavity, forming the gonad
- Primordial germ cells originate from the epiblast
- Germ cells settle in the gonad in the fifth week of development
Sexual Differentiation
- The SRY gene determines male sexual characteristics
- In the seventh week, the gonad begins to differentiate
- In males, the mesonephric duct develops
- In females, the paramesonephric duct develops
- The mesonephric duct forms the entire male reproductive system
- The paramesonephric duct gives rise to the fallopian tubes and uterus
Reproductive System Development
- The union of the two paramesonephric ducts forms the uterus
- The fusion of the ducts can result in uterine anomalies, such as a bicornuate uterus
- The genital tubercle gives rise to the phallus (in males) and clitoris (in females)
- Genital swellings give rise to the scrotum (in males) and labia (in females)
- The urogenital sinus gives rise to the lower portion of the vagina and the urethra
Urinary System Development
- The nephron is composed of two systems: the collector system (mesonephros) and the excretory system (metanephros)
- The collector system develops from the ureteric bud
- The excretory system develops from the metanephros
- The bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus
- The kidney develops from the metanephros and the ureteric bud
Kidney Function
- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
- The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs glucose
- The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water
- The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride
- The distal convoluted tubule absorbs bicarbonate
- Macula densa cells monitor sodium concentrations
- The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
- The kidney has an endocrine function, producing renin and erythropoietin
Ovary and Follicle Development
- Follicles develop in response to gonadotropins
- The primary follicle is the first stage of follicle development
- Granulosa cells originate from follicle cells
- Theca cells originate from the stromal compartment
- Theca cells have receptors for luteinizing hormone
- Granulosa cells have receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone
- Oocyte maturation occurs in the secondary follicle
- Theca cells produce androgens in response to luteinizing hormone
Uterus and Placenta
- The uterus has three layers: endometrium, perimetrium, and myometrium
- The decidua basalis forms the maternal component of the placenta
- The placenta develops from the decidua basalis and the chorion
- Implantation occurs during the "window of implantation"
Breast Development
- Breast development is stimulated by estrogen
- Prolactin stimulates milk production
- Oxytocin stimulates milk letdown
Male Reproductive System
- The testicular mediastinum communicates with the epididymis through the efferent ductules
- Sertoli cells have an endocrine function
- Leydig cells produce testosterone
- Spermatogonia produce spermatozoa
- Spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form spermatids
- Spermiogenesis is the process of forming spermatozoa from spermatids
- The pampiniform plexus cools the blood
- The seminal vesicle produces fructose
- The prostate gland produces acid phosphatase, prostaglandin, and prostate-specific antigen
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in microbiology, including the development of organs, migration of cells, and the origin of cells. It's a must-take for anyone studying microbiology.
