Microbiology Chapter 3 Quiz

Embryonic Development

• Organs start to develop in the fourth or fifth week of gestation
• Germ cells migrate from the epiblast to the abdominal cavity, forming the gonad
• Primordial germ cells originate from the epiblast
• Germ cells settle in the gonad in the fifth week of development

Sexual Differentiation

• The SRY gene determines male sexual characteristics
• In the seventh week, the gonad begins to differentiate
• In males, the mesonephric duct develops
• In females, the paramesonephric duct develops
• The mesonephric duct forms the entire male reproductive system
• The paramesonephric duct gives rise to the fallopian tubes and uterus

Reproductive System Development

• The union of the two paramesonephric ducts forms the uterus
• The fusion of the ducts can result in uterine anomalies, such as a bicornuate uterus
• The genital tubercle gives rise to the phallus (in males) and clitoris (in females)
• Genital swellings give rise to the scrotum (in males) and labia (in females)
• The urogenital sinus gives rise to the lower portion of the vagina and the urethra

Urinary System Development

• The nephron is composed of two systems: the collector system (mesonephros) and the excretory system (metanephros)
• The collector system develops from the ureteric bud
• The excretory system develops from the metanephros
• The bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus
• The kidney develops from the metanephros and the ureteric bud

Kidney Function

• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
• The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs glucose
• The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water
• The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride
• The distal convoluted tubule absorbs bicarbonate
• Macula densa cells monitor sodium concentrations
• The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
• The kidney has an endocrine function, producing renin and erythropoietin

Ovary and Follicle Development

• Follicles develop in response to gonadotropins
• The primary follicle is the first stage of follicle development
• Granulosa cells originate from follicle cells
• Theca cells originate from the stromal compartment
• Theca cells have receptors for luteinizing hormone
• Granulosa cells have receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone
• Oocyte maturation occurs in the secondary follicle
• Theca cells produce androgens in response to luteinizing hormone

Uterus and Placenta

• The uterus has three layers: endometrium, perimetrium, and myometrium
• The decidua basalis forms the maternal component of the placenta
• The placenta develops from the decidua basalis and the chorion
• Implantation occurs during the "window of implantation"

Breast Development

• Breast development is stimulated by estrogen
• Prolactin stimulates milk production
• Oxytocin stimulates milk letdown

Male Reproductive System

• The testicular mediastinum communicates with the epididymis through the efferent ductules
• Sertoli cells have an endocrine function
• Leydig cells produce testosterone
• Spermatogonia produce spermatozoa
• Spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form spermatids
• Spermiogenesis is the process of forming spermatozoa from spermatids
• The pampiniform plexus cools the blood
• The seminal vesicle produces fructose
• The prostate gland produces acid phosphatase, prostaglandin, and prostate-specific antigen

This quiz covers key concepts in microbiology, including the development of organs, migration of cells, and the origin of cells. It's a must-take for anyone studying microbiology.