Neuroanatomy Week 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ganglia in the nervous system?

  • Transmit sensory information directly to the brain.
  • Facilitate communication between upper motor neurons.
  • Enclose nerve fibers in protective sheaths.
  • Serve as connections for groups of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS. (correct)

    • Which part of the nervous system primarily consists of upper motor neurons?

  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Central nervous system (correct)

    • During gastrulation, which primary layer is responsible for developing the nervous system?

  • Endoderm
  • Hypoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Ectoderm (correct)

    • What primarily characterizes white matter in the CNS?

    <p>Presence of myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed from the neural folds during neurulation?

    <p>Neural tube (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the brain develops from the prosencephalon?

    <p>Thalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the term 'afferent'?

    <p>Incoming information to the CNS. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane is the brain divided into left and right halves?

    <p>Sagittal plane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the premotor cortex?

    <p>Plans complex movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the lateral cerebral cortex?

    <p>Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cortical homunculus represent?

    <p>Map of the body's sensory and motor functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in speech production?

    <p>Broca's Area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel bursts?

    <p>Hemorrhagic stroke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of the meninges separates the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Falx cerebri (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for cardiovascular and respiratory control?

    <p>Brainstem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Circle of Willis?

    <p>To ensure adequate blood supply to the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain?

    <p>Hydrocephalus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is associated with taste sensation?

    <p>Cranial nerve VII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by contralateral hemiplegia?

    <p>Weakness on the opposite side of the stroke. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior cerebral artery?

    <p>Supplies blood to the occipital lobe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'penumbra' refer to in a stroke context?

    <p>Area at risk of infarction that is still salvageable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the rhombencephalon?

    <p>Thalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is characterized by having multiple dendrites and a single axon?

    <p>Multipolar neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>Sodium ions enter the neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily known for its inhibitory effects in the central nervous system?

    <p>GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do astrocytes play in the nervous system?

    <p>Maintain ionic balance and manage waste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for visual processing?

    <p>Occipital lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the action potential process?

    <p>It includes phases of depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damage to the Ascending Reticular Activating System?

    <p>Altered sleep and attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

    <p>Connect the two cerebral hemispheres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is primarily responsible for initiating neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals?

    <p>Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do cervical nerves exit in relation to their vertebral bodies?

    <p>Above their respective vertebral bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is involved in the pupillary light reflex?

    <p>Oculomotor (CN III) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with the autoimmune destruction of post-synaptic receptors?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex is characterized by monosynaptic connections and involves muscle spindles?

    <p>Stretch Reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved with higher functions such as reasoning and expressive language?

    <p>Frontal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve primarily handles unilateral hearing deficits?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cell type is responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Schwann cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from damage to the reticular formation?

    <p>Coma or vegetative state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the postcentral gyrus?

    <p>It is primarily involved in sensory perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord contains lateral horns?

    <p>Thoracic region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural structure facilitates rapid communication through gap junctions?

    <p>Electrical synapses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is solely responsible for tongue movement?

    <p>Hypoglossal (CN XII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of troclear nerve (CN IV)?

    <p>Eye movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the Vagus nerve (CN X)?

    <p>Regulation of heart rate and digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Progressive muscle weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the anterior spinal artery?

    <p>Supplies anterior 1/3 of spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the dorsal horn of the gray matter serve?

    <p>Sensory input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Week 1: Embryological Development and Cell Properties

    • Neuroanatomy Key Terminology:

      • Nucleus: Group of neurons in CNS with similar function.
      • Ganglia: Group of neuronal cell bodies outside CNS with similar function.
      • Tract: Bundle of axons in CNS (e.g., corticospinal tract).
      • Nerve: Bundle of axons outside CNS.
      • Afferent: Incoming information.
      • Efferent: Outgoing information.
      • Gray matter: Tissue of nerve cell bodies and dendrites.
      • White matter: Tissue of nerve fibers with myelin sheaths.
      • Somatic nervous system: Afferent/efferent to skeletal muscle.
      • Autonomic nervous system: Afferent/efferent to smooth muscle & glands.
      • Sulci: Grooves (fissures are larger sulci).
      • Gyrus: Folds or ridges.

    • CNS Organization:

      • Dorsal: Top of brain, back of spinal cord.
      • Ventral: Bottom of brain, front of spinal cord.
      • Rostral: Front of brain.
      • Caudal: Back of brain, toward the tail.
      • Medial: Midline of brain.
      • Lateral: Away from midline.
      • Horizontal Plane: Divides brain into upper/lower halves.
      • Sagittal Plane: Divides brain into left/right halves.
      • Coronal Plane: Divides brain into front/back halves.

    • CNS Components:

      • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord, surrounded by bone.
      • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.

    • Embryological Development Key Events:

      • Gastrulation (~18 days): Formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
      • Neurulation (3-4 weeks): Formation of neural plate, folds, and tube; neural crest development.
      • Spinal Nerves (3-6 weeks): Differentiation into alar (sensory) and basal (motor) plates.
      • Brain Development (4-6 weeks): Formation of prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.

    • Brain Regions:

      • Prosencephalon: Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus) and telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres).
      • Mesencephalon: Midbrain.
      • Rhombencephalon: Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.
      • Optic outgrowth forms the eyes.

    • Clinical Applications:

      • Spina Bifida: Neural tube closure failure, often in lumbar region.
      • Arnold Chiari Malformation: Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum.

    • Cell Properties and Transmission:

      • Neuron Structure: Dendrites, soma, axon, presynaptic terminal, cytoskeleton (microtubules, neurofilaments).
      • Neuron Types: Multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar.
      • Neuron Areas: Input (dendrites, soma), conducting (axon, nodes of Ranvier, myelin), output (presynaptic terminal).
      • Nerve Communication: Synaptic input -> passive current -> action potential in axon -> neurotransmitter release.

    • Ions and Channels: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium move across membranes. Ion channels (ligand-gated, voltage-gated, modality-gated). Ion pumps establish concentration gradients.

    • Action Potential: Resting potential (-70 mV), local potential, action potential (all-or-none), repolarization, hyperpolarization.

    • Synapses: Chemical (neurotransmitters), electrical (gap junctions).

    • Neurotransmitters: Excitatory (acetylcholine, glutamate, catecholamines), inhibitory (GABA, endocannabinoids).

    • Post-Synaptic Receptors: Ionotropic (fast), metabotropic (slow).

    • Clinical Applications (cell properties): - Botox: Limits acetylcholine release. - Myasthenia Gravis: Autoimmune destruction of post-synaptic receptors.

    • Non-neural Cells: Neuroglia (astrocytes, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells). Myelination (insulates axon); Nodes of Ranvier (saltatory conduction).

    • Clinical Applications (non-neural cells):

      • Multiple sclerosis: Demyelination in CNS.
      • Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Demyelination in PNS.

    Week 2: The Cerebrum, Cerebral Cortex, Blood Supply, and Substructures

    • Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex Functions: Higher-level functions (touch, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, movement).

    • Hemispheres: Left (dominant, logic, language), Right (non-dominant, creativity, spatial processing).

    • Cerebral Cortex Key Areas: Motor (primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor), Sensory (somatosensory, visual, auditory, smell, taste, vestibular), Association (integration).

    • Surface Features: Sulci (lateral, central, parietal-occipital, cingulate, calcarine), Lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal), Corpus callosum (connects hemispheres), Anterior commissure, Precentral gyrus (motor), Postcentral gyrus (sensory), Cingulate gyrus (limbic system), Cuneus (visual), Uncus (memory, smell), Thalamus (relay station).

    • Inferior Aspect Landmarks: Longitudinal fissure, Olfactory bulbs, Optic chiasm, Midbrain, Poles (occipital, temporal, frontal).

    • Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex:

      • Frontal Lobe: Cognition, behavior, emotions, language (Broca's), movement, executive functions. Damage leads to behavioral changes, depression, etc.
      • Temporal Lobe: Hearing, language (Wernicke's), memory, emotion. Damage to Language comprehension difficulties (Wernicke's), etc
      • Parietal Lobe: Sensory perception, spatial orientation, body position. Damage leads to disorientation.
      • Occipital Lobe: Visual processing. Damage leads to visual problems.
      • Insular Lobe: Sensory/Pain/Temperature, Emotional Regulation, Multi-Sensory Integration. Damage leads to sensory and pain perception issues.

    • Functional Areas: Primary cortex, premotor cortex, somatosensory cortex, occipital lobe (Wernicke's and primary visual), auditory cortex, Broca's area, olfactory bulbs.

    • Cortical Homunculus: Mapping of body onto cortex (primary motor, primary somatosensory); contralateral representation.

    • Brain Blood Supply: Circle of Willis (alternative pathways), arteries (anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral, vertebral), superior/inferior cerebellar arteries.

    • Venous System: Cerebral veins drain to dural sinuses (superior sagittal, transverse, sigmoid).

    • Cranial Meninges: Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater; spaces (epidural, subdural, subarachnoid), dural reflections (falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli).

    • Clinical Applications (Stroke): Types (ischemic, hemorrhagic), signs/symptoms, NIH Stroke Scale, imaging (CT, MRI), medical management (tPA, thrombectomy), stroke location and symptoms (MCA, ACA, PCA, basilar, vertebral).

    • Ventricles: Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle; CSF flow; ventricular pathology (hydrocephalus).

    Week 3: Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

    • Brainstem: Midbrain, pons, medulla. Functions: Cardiovascular, respiratory, sleep, head/neck motor/sensory. Structures (midbrain: cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, tectum; pons: vertical tracts; medulla: nuclei, decussation)

    • Vertical Tracts: Corticospinal, other motor pathways. Reticular Formation: regulates alertness, sleep, motor activity, autonomic function.

    • Brain Blood Supply (Brainstem): Detailed arterial supply (internal carotid, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, superior/inferior cerebellar, pontine, basilar, labyrinthine, anterior/posterior inferior cerebellar, anterior spinal, vertebral).

    • Clinical Application (brainstem): Damage results in disorders of consciousness (coma, vegetative, minimally conscious states)

    • Cranial Nerves (CN): All 12, function, sensory/motor/mixed, ipsilateral/contralateral deficits. Olfactory (smell), Optic (vision), Oculomotor (eye movements), Trochlear (eye movements), Trigeminal (facial sensation/mastication), Abducens (eye movements), Facial (facial expression, taste), Vestibulocochlear (hearing, balance), Glossopharyngeal (swallowing, taste), Vagus (swallowing, visceral sensations), Spinal Accessory (neck muscles), Hypoglossal (tongue movements). Clinical considerations, lesions, and deficits for each cranial nerve.

    Week 4: The Spinal Cord

    • Spinal Cord: General features (31 pairs of spinal nerves, conus medullaris, cauda equina), internal structure (gray matter: dorsal, lateral, ventral horns; white matter: columns), white matter components (sensory and motor tracts), longitudinal organization.
    • Spinal Cord Reflexes: Stretch reflex (monosynaptic), reciprocal inhibition, flexor withdrawal (polysynaptic), stepping pattern generators.
    • Descending Systems (upper motor neurons): From motor cortex, brainstem, basal ganglia, cerebellum.
    • Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves: Peripheral nervous system components, nerve classification, dermatomes, myotomes, upper vs. lower motor neuron pathology (UMN vs. LMN).
    • Clinical Application (spinal cord): Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).
    • Spinal Cord Regeneration: Peripheral (Schwann cells promote regrowth), central (glial scars inhibit regeneration).

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    Test your knowledge on key terminologies and concepts related to neuroanatomy, including embryological development and cell properties. This quiz covers vital terms such as nucleus, ganglia, and CNS organization, helping to solidify your understanding of the subject.

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