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Questions and Answers
What is pathology?
What is pathology?
Scientific study of disease - concerned with etiology (cause) and pathogenesis (development) & effects of disease.
Name 3 types of symbiotic relationships.
Name 3 types of symbiotic relationships.
Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism.
What is mutualism?
What is mutualism?
Both organisms benefit from the relationship.
What is commensalism?
What is commensalism?
What is parasitism?
What is parasitism?
Name 2 examples of mutualism.
Name 2 examples of mutualism.
Name an example of commensalism.
Name an example of commensalism.
Define disease.
Define disease.
What are normal microbiota?
What are normal microbiota?
What are transient microbiota?
What are transient microbiota?
Where are resident microbiota found?
Where are resident microbiota found?
Most resident microbiota are ______.
Most resident microbiota are ______.
Where are transient microbiota found?
Where are transient microbiota found?
Why can't transient microbiota persist in the body?
Why can't transient microbiota persist in the body?
When does normal microbiota develop?
When does normal microbiota develop?
When is resident microbiota established?
When is resident microbiota established?
What are opportunistic pathogens?
What are opportunistic pathogens?
Name 3 conditions that provide opportunities for pathogens.
Name 3 conditions that provide opportunities for pathogens.
Name an example of normal microbiota in unusual site.
Name an example of normal microbiota in unusual site.
Name 4 portals of pathogen entry.
Name 4 portals of pathogen entry.
What is the parental route?
What is the parental route?
Name some ways pathogens enter by parenteral route.
Name some ways pathogens enter by parenteral route.
What is adhesion?
What is adhesion?
Is adhesion required to successfully establish colonies within a host?
Is adhesion required to successfully establish colonies within a host?
Name adhesion factors.
Name adhesion factors.
Where are adhesion discs found?
Where are adhesion discs found?
Where are hooks and suckers found?
Where are hooks and suckers found?
Where are adhesins found?
Where are adhesins found?
Where are attachment proteins found?
Where are attachment proteins found?
What are ligands?
What are ligands?
What is avirulent?
What is avirulent?
What is disease also referred to as?
What is disease also referred to as?
What are asymptomatic infections?
What are asymptomatic infections?
What is etiology?
What is etiology?
Who developed a set of postulates that must be satisfied to prove a particular pathogen causes a particular disease?
Who developed a set of postulates that must be satisfied to prove a particular pathogen causes a particular disease?
Name 2 difficulties in satisfying Koch's postulates.
Name 2 difficulties in satisfying Koch's postulates.
Name 3 diseases that can be caused by more than one pathogen.
Name 3 diseases that can be caused by more than one pathogen.
What is virulence?
What is virulence?
Name 5 virulence factors.
Name 5 virulence factors.
What are extracellular enzymes?
What are extracellular enzymes?
What is hyaluronidase?
What is hyaluronidase?
What is collagenase?
What is collagenase?
What is coagulase?
What is coagulase?
What are kinases?
What are kinases?
Name 2 types of toxins.
Name 2 types of toxins.
What are exotoxins?
What are exotoxins?
Name 2 types of exotoxins.
Name 2 types of exotoxins.
What are cytotoxins?
What are cytotoxins?
What are neurotoxins?
What are neurotoxins?
Name 2 pathogens that secrete neurotoxins.
Name 2 pathogens that secrete neurotoxins.
What are enterotoxins?
What are enterotoxins?
Name 2 pathogens that secrete enterotoxins.
Name 2 pathogens that secrete enterotoxins.
What are endotoxins?
What are endotoxins?
What are antitoxins?
What are antitoxins?
Name two factors that prevent phagocytosis by the host's phagocytic cells.
Name two factors that prevent phagocytosis by the host's phagocytic cells.
How does a bacterial capsule stop phagocytosis?
How does a bacterial capsule stop phagocytosis?
How do antiphagocytic chemicals stop phagocytosis?
How do antiphagocytic chemicals stop phagocytosis?
What helps Streptococcus pyogenes resist phagocytosis?
What helps Streptococcus pyogenes resist phagocytosis?
What are the five stages of infectious disease?
What are the five stages of infectious disease?
What is the incubation period?
What is the incubation period?
What is the prodromal period?
What is the prodromal period?
What is the illness stage?
What is the illness stage?
What is the decline stage?
What is the decline stage?
What is convalescence?
What is convalescence?
Is the host usually infectious during all stages of disease?
Is the host usually infectious during all stages of disease?
How does a pathogen leave the host?
How does a pathogen leave the host?
What are reservoirs of infection?
What are reservoirs of infection?
Name 3 types of reservoirs.
Name 3 types of reservoirs.
What are zoonoses?
What are zoonoses?
Name 3 ways to acquire zoonoses.
Name 3 ways to acquire zoonoses.
What is infectious disease transmission?
What is infectious disease transmission?
Name 3 groups of infectious disease transmission.
Name 3 groups of infectious disease transmission.
Name 3 categories of contact transmission.
Name 3 categories of contact transmission.
What is direct contact transmission?
What is direct contact transmission?
What is indirect contact transmission?
What is indirect contact transmission?
What are fomites?
What are fomites?
What is droplet contact transmission?
What is droplet contact transmission?
How far do droplet transmissions travel?
How far do droplet transmissions travel?
Name 3 types of vehicle transmission.
Name 3 types of vehicle transmission.
What is airborne transmission?
What is airborne transmission?
Name some airborne transmission pathogens.
Name some airborne transmission pathogens.
What is water-borne transmission?
What is water-borne transmission?
Name some water-borne gastrointestinal diseases.
Name some water-borne gastrointestinal diseases.
What is food-borne transmission?
What is food-borne transmission?
Name 2 vector transmissions.
Name 2 vector transmissions.
What are biological vectors?
What are biological vectors?
Name some examples of biological vectors.
Name some examples of biological vectors.
What are mechanical vectors?
What are mechanical vectors?
Name some examples of mechanical vectors.
Name some examples of mechanical vectors.
What can houseflies and cockroaches carry?
What can houseflies and cockroaches carry?
Name four methods of infectious disease classification.
Name four methods of infectious disease classification.
What is acute disease?
What is acute disease?
What is chronic disease?
What is chronic disease?
What is subacute disease?
What is subacute disease?
What is latent disease?
What is latent disease?
What is communicable disease?
What is communicable disease?
What is noncommunicable disease?
What is noncommunicable disease?
What is primary infection?
What is primary infection?
What is secondary infection?
What is secondary infection?
What is epidemiology?
What is epidemiology?
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Study Notes
Pathology and Disease
- Pathology is the scientific study of disease, focusing on etiology (causes) and pathogenesis (development and effects).
- Disease signifies any deviation from health; it may result from infection but is not always infectious.
Symbiotic Relationships
- Three types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism (both organisms benefit), commensalism (one benefits, the other is unharmed), and parasitism (one benefits at the expense of the other).
- Examples of mutualism include trichonympha in termite intestines and vitamin-synthesizing bacteria in the colon.
- An example of commensalism is staphylococcus sp. found on human skin.
Microbiota
- Normal microbiota are organisms that colonize the body without causing disease, e.g., Streptococcus in the mouth.
- Transient microbiota are temporary residents that can be easily removed, e.g., microbes from door handles.
- Resident microbiota develop during birth and are established within the first months of life, primarily found on skin and mucous membranes.
- Most resident microbiota are commensal organisms, helping maintain body health.
Pathogen Entry and Adhesion
- Pathogens enter the body through portals such as skin, mucous membranes, placenta, and the parenteral route (directly into tissues).
- Adhesion is crucial for pathogens to establish colonies; it involves specialized structures like adhesins and various adhesion factors in viruses and bacteria.
- Ligands are surface lipoproteins/glycoproteins that allow pathogens to bind to host cell receptors.
Virulence and Toxins
- Virulence refers to the degree of pathogenicity, influenced by factors like adhesion, biofilms, toxins, and extracellular enzymes.
- Toxins are classified into exotoxins (e.g., cytotoxins, neurotoxins) that destroy host cells or interfere with metabolism, and endotoxins released from gram-negative bacteria upon cell death.
Phagocytosis and Host Defense
- Opportunistic pathogens can cause disease when conditions allow, such as immune suppression or introduction to unusual body sites.
- Bacterial capsules and antiphagocytic chemicals can hinder phagocytosis by making pathogens less recognizable or preventing immune responses.
Stages of Infectious Disease
- The five stages include incubation (time from infection to symptoms), prodromal (mild symptoms), illness (severe symptoms), decline (immune response peaks), and convalescence (recovery).
- Hosts can be infectious during all disease stages.
Transmission and Reservoirs
- Infectious diseases can be transmitted from reservoirs (sites where pathogens persist) through direct contact, vehicle transmission (airborne, waterborne, foodborne), and vector transmission (biological and mechanical).
- Zoonoses are diseases that transfer from animals to humans via direct contact, consumption, or bites.
Disease Classification
- Diseases are classified by affected body systems, taxonomic groups of causative agents, duration and severity, and modes of transmission.
- Types of diseases include acute (rapid onset, short duration), chronic (slow onset, long duration), and latent (inactive pathogens reemerging later).
Infection Types
- Primary infections are the initial infections within a host, while secondary infections follow due to opportunistic pathogens.
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence, transmission, and patterns within populations, aiding in understanding and controlling disease spread.
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