Questions and Answers
Who examined the first microorganisms?
Leeuwenhoek
What were the first molecules examined?
Fungi, algae, protozoa
Who developed the taxonomic system?
Linnaeus
List the order of the taxonomic system.
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What are the types of prokaryotes?
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Who is bigger in size, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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Where can bacteria and archaea be found?
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How do prokaryotes reproduce?
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Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?
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What are bacterial cell walls composed of?
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What are archaea cell walls composed of?
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List the eukaryotes.
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Do fungi have a membrane-bound nucleus?
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How do fungi obtain their food?
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What two types of fungi are there?
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Describe molds.
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Describe yeasts.
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Are protozoa single or multicellular?
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What kind of cells do protozoa compare to and how?
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Where do protozoa live?
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What eukaryote is capable of locomotion?
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What are pseudopods?
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What are cilia?
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What are flagella?
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Are algae unicellular or multicellular?
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How does algae get their energy?
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What type of parasite can be found?
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How can viruses be viewed?
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Who proposed spontaneous generation theory?
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Who disproved Aristotle's theory and how?
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Who tried to disprove Redi and how?
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Who disproved Needham and how?
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Who helped prove Spallanzani with a modified experiment?
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List the scientific method steps.
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Who is considered the father of microbiology?
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What is the process of pasteurization?
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Who's experiment demonstrated fermentation does not need living cells?
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Who developed the germ theory of disease?
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What did Koch study regarding causative agents of disease?
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Phases of Koch's postulates?
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What is Semmelweis known for?
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What is Lister known for?
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What is Nightingale known for?
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What is Snow known for?
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What is Jenner known for?
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What is Ehrlich known for?
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Who established that gene activity is related to protein?
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What is germ therapy?
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Why is Saccharomyces cerevisiae important to humans?
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Which scientist demonstrated that a bacterium was the cause of tuberculosis?
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The first viral disease to be described was tobacco mosaic disease.
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Study Notes
Microorganisms and Their Classification
- Leeuwenhoek was the first to examine microorganisms.
- Initial microorganisms included fungi, algae, and protozoa.
- Linnaeus developed the taxonomic system used for classifying organisms.
- Taxonomic hierarchy consists of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Prokaryotes
- Types of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea.
- Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes.
- Bacteria and archaea thrive in moist environments, with some species being extremophiles.
- Reproduction in prokaryotes occurs asexually.
- Prokaryotic cell walls are mainly composed of peptidoglycan, although some bacteria lack cell walls.
- Archaea cell walls are made of polymers other than peptidoglycan.
Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotes include fungi, protozoa, and algae.
- Fungi have membrane-bound nuclei and obtain nutrients from other organisms.
- Two main types of fungi are molds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular).
Protozoa
- Protozoa are unicellular and similar to animals regarding nutrient needs and cellular structure.
- They can live freely in water or within hosts.
- Protozoa are capable of locomotion using structures such as pseudopods, cilia, and flagella.
Algae
- Algae can be unicellular or multicellular.
- Energy for algae is obtained through photosynthesis.
Viruses and Microbial Theories
- Viruses require an electron microscope for visualization.
- Aristotle proposed the spontaneous generation theory.
- Redi disproved spontaneous generation through experiments with exposed and isolated meat.
- Needham's experiments suggested microbes could spontaneously generate, which was later challenged by Spallanzini, who identified flaws in Needham's methods.
- Pasteur confirmed Spallanzini's conclusions with a swan-neck flask experiment that allowed air but not microbes to enter.
Scientific Contributions
- Steps of the scientific method: observe, question, formulate a hypothesis, conduct experiments, and analyze results.
- Pasteur is referred to as the father of microbiology and developed pasteurization, a process of gently heating liquids.
- Buchner demonstrated fermentation does not require living cells.
- Germ theory of disease was developed by Pasteur and further studied by Koch.
- Koch's work involved diseases like anthrax and established techniques for identifying bacteria, leading to Koch's postulates: suspect the causative agent, isolate it from the diseased host, and demonstrate that it causes disease when introduced to a healthy host.
Key Figures in Microbiology
- Semmelweis emphasized handwashing for infection control.
- Lister promoted antiseptic techniques in surgeries.
- Nightingale contributed to nursing practices.
- Snow was important in the epidemiology of infections.
- Jenner pioneered vaccination and immunology.
- Ehrlich introduced the concept of a "magic bullet" for chemotherapy.
- Beadle and Tatum established the relationship between gene activity and proteins.
Biotechnology and Applications
- Gene therapy involves inserting or repairing defective genes.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast, is essential in producing alcoholic beverages and leavened bread.
- Koch identified a bacterium as the cause of tuberculosis.
- Tobacco mosaic disease was the first described viral disease, affecting tobacco plants.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of Microbiology with these flashcards focused on Chapter 1. This set includes questions about the history of microorganisms, taxonomy, and the early observations made by scientists. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of the foundational concepts in microbiology.
