Microbiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Who examined the first microorganisms?

Leeuwenhoek

What were the first molecules examined?

Fungi, algae, protozoa

Who developed the taxonomic system?

Linnaeus

List the order of the taxonomic system.

<p>kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of prokaryotes?

<p>Bacteria and archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is bigger in size, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can bacteria and archaea be found?

<p>Areas with sufficient moisture and some extremophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

<p>Asexually</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bacterial cell walls composed of?

<p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are archaea cell walls composed of?

<p>Polymers other than peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the eukaryotes.

<p>Fungi, protozoa, algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do fungi have a membrane-bound nucleus?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi obtain their food?

<p>From other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two types of fungi are there?

<p>Molds and yeasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe molds.

<p>Multicellular; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe yeasts.

<p>Unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding and some sexually by spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are protozoa single or multicellular?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cells do protozoa compare to and how?

<p>Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do protozoa live?

<p>Live freely in water or in hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What eukaryote is capable of locomotion?

<p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pseudopods?

<p>Projections of the cytoplasm used for movement and feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia?

<p>Hair-like structures that aid in movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flagella?

<p>Long whip-like structures used for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are algae unicellular or multicellular?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does algae get their energy?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasite can be found?

<p>Tapeworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can viruses be viewed?

<p>Electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed spontaneous generation theory?

<p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who disproved Aristotle's theory and how?

<p>Redi's experiments with exposed meats showed that maggots developed only on unsealed meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who tried to disprove Redi and how?

<p>Needham's experiment with beef gravy and plants suggested microbes can spontaneously generate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who disproved Needham and how?

<p>Spallanzani concluded that Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who helped prove Spallanzani with a modified experiment?

<p>Pasteur used an 'S' shaped flask to allow air in while preventing microbial contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the scientific method steps.

<p>Observe, question, hypothesis, results - accept or reject and modify</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of microbiology?

<p>Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of pasteurization?

<p>Process of heating liquids just enough to kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who's experiment demonstrated fermentation does not need living cells?

<p>Buchner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the germ theory of disease?

<p>Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Koch study regarding causative agents of disease?

<p>Anthrax, examined staining of microorganisms, simple staining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue, steam for sterilization, petri dishes, transferred bacteria techniques, bacteria as distinct species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phases of Koch's postulates?

<p>Suspended causative agent, agent isolated, host must get disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Semmelweis known for?

<p>Hand washing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Lister known for?

<p>Antiseptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Nightingale known for?

<p>Nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Snow known for?

<p>Infection control epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Jenner known for?

<p>Vaccine and field of immunology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ehrlich known for?

<p>Magic bullet and chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who established that gene activity is related to protein?

<p>Beadle and Tatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is germ therapy?

<p>Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Saccharomyces cerevisiae important to humans?

<p>It is used in the production of alcoholic beverages and leavened bread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist demonstrated that a bacterium was the cause of tuberculosis?

<p>Koch</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first viral disease to be described was tobacco mosaic disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microorganisms and Their Classification

  • Leeuwenhoek was the first to examine microorganisms.
  • Initial microorganisms included fungi, algae, and protozoa.
  • Linnaeus developed the taxonomic system used for classifying organisms.
  • Taxonomic hierarchy consists of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Prokaryotes

  • Types of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea.
  • Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes.
  • Bacteria and archaea thrive in moist environments, with some species being extremophiles.
  • Reproduction in prokaryotes occurs asexually.
  • Prokaryotic cell walls are mainly composed of peptidoglycan, although some bacteria lack cell walls.
  • Archaea cell walls are made of polymers other than peptidoglycan.

Eukaryotes

  • Eukaryotes include fungi, protozoa, and algae.
  • Fungi have membrane-bound nuclei and obtain nutrients from other organisms.
  • Two main types of fungi are molds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular).

Protozoa

  • Protozoa are unicellular and similar to animals regarding nutrient needs and cellular structure.
  • They can live freely in water or within hosts.
  • Protozoa are capable of locomotion using structures such as pseudopods, cilia, and flagella.

Algae

  • Algae can be unicellular or multicellular.
  • Energy for algae is obtained through photosynthesis.

Viruses and Microbial Theories

  • Viruses require an electron microscope for visualization.
  • Aristotle proposed the spontaneous generation theory.
  • Redi disproved spontaneous generation through experiments with exposed and isolated meat.
  • Needham's experiments suggested microbes could spontaneously generate, which was later challenged by Spallanzini, who identified flaws in Needham's methods.
  • Pasteur confirmed Spallanzini's conclusions with a swan-neck flask experiment that allowed air but not microbes to enter.

Scientific Contributions

  • Steps of the scientific method: observe, question, formulate a hypothesis, conduct experiments, and analyze results.
  • Pasteur is referred to as the father of microbiology and developed pasteurization, a process of gently heating liquids.
  • Buchner demonstrated fermentation does not require living cells.
  • Germ theory of disease was developed by Pasteur and further studied by Koch.
  • Koch's work involved diseases like anthrax and established techniques for identifying bacteria, leading to Koch's postulates: suspect the causative agent, isolate it from the diseased host, and demonstrate that it causes disease when introduced to a healthy host.

Key Figures in Microbiology

  • Semmelweis emphasized handwashing for infection control.
  • Lister promoted antiseptic techniques in surgeries.
  • Nightingale contributed to nursing practices.
  • Snow was important in the epidemiology of infections.
  • Jenner pioneered vaccination and immunology.
  • Ehrlich introduced the concept of a "magic bullet" for chemotherapy.
  • Beadle and Tatum established the relationship between gene activity and proteins.

Biotechnology and Applications

  • Gene therapy involves inserting or repairing defective genes.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast, is essential in producing alcoholic beverages and leavened bread.
  • Koch identified a bacterium as the cause of tuberculosis.
  • Tobacco mosaic disease was the first described viral disease, affecting tobacco plants.

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Test your knowledge of Microbiology with these flashcards focused on Chapter 1. This set includes questions about the history of microorganisms, taxonomy, and the early observations made by scientists. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of the foundational concepts in microbiology.

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