Blood Flagellates
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Questions and Answers

What is characteristic of the kinetoplast in blood and tissue flagellates?

  • It consists of a parabasal body and an adjacent dotlike blepharoplast (correct)
  • It consists of a single nucleus and a kinetoplast
  • It consists of a parabasal body and a distinct flagellum
  • It consists of a flagellum and a blepharoplast

    • What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmaniasis?

  • The bite of certain types of sandflies (correct)
  • Airborne transmission
  • Direct contact with infected animals
  • Contaminated food and water

    • Which of the following is a risk factor for Leishmaniasis?

  • Proper sanitation and hygiene
  • Malnutrition and poverty
  • Urbanization and deforestation
  • All of the above, except proper sanitation and hygiene (correct)

    • What is the shape of the amastigote form of Leishmania?

    <p>Spherical or subspherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus of sandflies transmits Old World Leishmaniasis?

    <p>Phlebotomus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hosts are necessary for the life cycle of Leishmania?

    <p>Two hosts, humans and sandflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of Leishmania that is found extracellularly in the alimentary canal of the sand fly?

    <p>Promastigote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do promastigotes initially migrate to after reproduction in the sand fly?

    <p>Proximal end of the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of repeated multiplication of amastigotes in the macrophage cell?

    <p>The macrophage cell breaks down due to pressure of mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amastigotes typically spread to new hosts in the human body?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica, L. major, and L. aethiopica?

    <p>Old world leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where promastigotes are introduced locally into the human host during a sand fly bite?

    <p>Bite site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosis for Old World leishmaniasis?

    <p>A skin scraping with microscopic analysis using Wright or Giemsa stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leishmaniasis is associated with high fatality and is considered the most severe form?

    <p>Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of the parasite Leishmania donovani in humans?

    <p>Reticuloendothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a Leishmanin skin test (Montenegro test)?

    <p>A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

    <p>The lesion heals in a few months to a year, leaving an unpleasant-looking scar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis?

    <p>The lesion produces widespread skin lesions that resemble leprosy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Leishmania replication in the human body?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of severe cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis if left untreated?

    <p>Difficulty eating and potentially fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of vaccination against Leishmania?

    <p>To stimulate a strong cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for visceral leishmaniasis?

    <p>Liposomal amphotericin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of treating people with leishmaniasis early?

    <p>To prevent further spread of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of a mucocutaneous leishmaniasis lesion if left untreated?

    <p>The lesion will spontaneously heal with scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where the parasite multiplies after inoculation?

    <p>Reticuloendothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Old World Leishmaniasis?

    <p>Enlargement of the spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual cause of death in patients with Old World Leishmaniasis?

    <p>Secondary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the secondary form of the disease that may occur after successful treatment?

    <p>Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a parasitological diagnosis method for Old World Leishmaniasis?

    <p>Blood film stained with Leishman or Giemsa stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PCR tests in the diagnosis of Old World Leishmaniasis?

    <p>To detect Leishmania DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why most vaccines against Leishmania have been ineffective?

    <p>They induce a humoral response instead of a cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the pathogenesis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

    <p>Leishmania invades human macrophages and replicates intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the treatment of leishmaniasis?

    <p>The species of Leishmania involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reservoir control programs in the prevention of leishmaniasis?

    <p>To reduce the number of animals that serve as reservoirs for Leishmania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of severe cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis if left untreated?

    <p>The disease can be fatal and can diminish the ability to eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis?

    <p>They are the primary host cells for Leishmania replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of transmission of Leishmania?

    <p>Sandfly bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of leishmaniasis on the nose and mouth?

    <p>It causes both skin and mucosal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of preventive measures against leishmaniasis?

    <p>To reduce the risk of transmission to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lesions that develop at the site of the sandfly bite in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

    <p>They may spontaneously heal with scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

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