Questions and Answers
What bacterium is most commonly associated with septic arthritis in young children?
Which of the following treatments is recommended for Chancroid?
What is a notable complication of Chancroid in men?
What clinical manifestation is indicative of Chancroid?
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What is the incubation period for Chancroid?
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Which method is NOT part of the routine diagnosis for Kingella kingae infections?
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Which characteristic is associated with the Gram staining of ulcer secretions in Chancroid?
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Which antibiotic class is Kingella kingae usually susceptible to?
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In terms of pathogenesis, what does Kingella kingae's RTX toxin disrupt?
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What is a common risk factor associated with Chancroid?
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Study Notes
Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae)
- Major cause of neonatal sepsis, especially in developed countries.
- Typically colonizes the maternal vaginal or rectal regions.
- Diagnostic methods include blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures.
- Treatment of choice is Penicillin G.
- Empirical treatment may involve Cefotaxime or Ampicillin combined with Amikacin.
Group D/Enterococcus (E.faecalis/E.faecium)
- Associated with hospital-acquired infections.
- Clinical manifestations include sepsis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), peritonitis, meningitis, and endocarditis.
- Diagnostic methods also involve CS cultures.
- Treatment may include Penicillin G or Ampicillin in combination with Amikacin.
- Notable resistance to Vancomycin.
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
- Acute contagious disease caused by a non-motile, encapsulated Gram-positive bacillus.
- Unique Gram stain appearance: Chinese character or palisading.
- Transmission occurs through respiratory or skin secretions, with an incubation period of 1-5 days.
- Pathophysiology involves localized inflammation and systemic effects from diphtheria exotoxin.
- Exotoxin leads to cellular apoptosis by inactivating elongation factor.
- Characteristic clinical manifestations include:
- Respiratory diphtheria with grayish membrane on tonsillopharynx and potential airway obstruction.
- Cutaneous diphtheria resulting in superficial ulcers with gray-brown membranes, difficult to distinguish from strep or staph infections.
Clinical Case Example
- A five-year-old female presented with a three-day history of fever, dysphagia, and respiratory difficulty, accompanied by neck swelling.
- Physical examination revealed stridor and a grayish membrane on the tonsillopharyngeal wall.
- Management strategies for carriers include Erythromycin or Benzathine Penicillin in unimmunized individuals.
- Follow-up after two weeks is crucial for persistent carriers.
Haemophilus influenzae
- Transmitted through direct contact or inhalation of respiratory droplets.
- Non-invasive diseases include otitis media, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis; invasive diseases include bacteremia and meningitis.
- Other possible complications involve epiglottitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, and osteomyelitis.
- Diagnostics include CS cultures.
- First-line treatment involves Ampicillin or Ceftriaxone.
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
- A sexually transmitted disease characterized by painful genital ulceration and lymphadenopathy.
- Incubation period is typically 4-7 days.
- Clinical manifestations include small inflammatory papules that evolve into pustular and ulcerative lesions.
- Diagnosis based on clinical presentation and exclusion of syphilis and HSV.
- Gram stain can show a “school of fish” appearance; culture sensitivity is around 80%.
Kingella kingae
- A primary cause of septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and spondylodiscitis in young children.
- Produces RTX toxin damaging respiratory epithelial cells and promoting bacteremia.
- Septic arthritis is the most common invasive disease caused by this pathogen.
- Diagnosis entails blood cultures, bronchoscopy, or tissue biopsy if necessary.
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about significant bacterial infections such as Group B Strep, Group D Enterococcus, and Diphtheria. Explore diagnostic methods, clinical manifestations, and treatment options for each pathogen. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in microbiology.
