Microbiology: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, and Parasites

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Questions and Answers

Match the following bacteria with their preferred growth temperatures:

Campylobacter jejuni = 42°C Listeria monocytogenes = cold enrichment Yersinia enterocolitica = room temperature Neisseria = 35-37°C

Match the following bacteria with their preferred growth pH:

Helicobacter pylori = acidic pH Neisseria = neutral pH (6.5-7.5) Moraxella = alkaline pH Wound bacteria = variable pH

Match the following Gram stain errors with their causes:

Overdecolorization = decolorizer sits on too long Undercolorization = decolorizer rinse off too quickly False g-ves = incorrect order of steps Damaged cell walls = cultures too old/antibiotics

Match the following bacteria growth requirements with their descriptions:

Aerobic = requires air Anaerobic = requires CO2 Microaerophilic = requires low oxygen levels Facultative anaerobe = can thrive in various oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following media with their characteristics:

MacConkey Agar = selective media, lactose fermentation + = pink Wound MacConkey Agar = selective media, neutral red pH indicator Blood Agar = enriched media, supports fastidious organisms Urine Culture Media = selective media, inhibits Gram-positive bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacterial cell wall types with their characteristics:

Gram-positive = thick peptidoglycan layer Gram-negative = thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane Mycobacteria = waxy cell wall, resistant to Gram stain Mycoplasma = no cell wall, no peptidoglycan layer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of media with their characteristics:

Non-selective = Enhances growth of most microorganisms Selective = Enhances growth of some, suppresses growth of others Differential = Different organisms appear differently through color Enrichment = Supports growth of specific microorganisms only Signup and view all the answers

Match the following specimens with the media used:

Blood, Wound, Urine = Blood Agar Plate (BAP) Blood, Genital = Chocolate Agar (CHOC) Resp = Haemophilus sp. Stool, Resp, Genital = Trypticase Soy Agar Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microorganisms with their characteristics:

Neisseria gonorrhea = Grows on Chocolate Agar (CHOC) Haemophilus sp. = Grows on Blood Agar Plate (BAP) Mycobacteria = Difficult to grow on any media Parasites = Grows on Trypticase Soy Agar Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microbes with their types:

Mycobacteria = Bacteria Parasites = Fungi Virus = Bacteria Fungi = Non-bacterial microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Pathogenic bacteria = Bacteria that cause disease Microbe identification = Important for patient care Sensitivity testing = Tests antibiotic effectiveness Gram stain = Difficult to perform correctly Signup and view all the answers

Match the following media with their uses:

Trypticase Soy Agar = General-purpose media Blood Agar Plate (BAP) = For fastidious bacteria growth Chocolate Agar (CHOC) = For Neisseria gonorrhea growth Enrichment media = For specific microorganism growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacterial characteristics with their corresponding environments:

Aerobic = Requires oxygen for growth Microaerobic = Requires low oxygen levels for growth Anaerobic = Requires no oxygen for growth Facultative = Can grow in presence or absence of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacterial shapes with their corresponding Greek meanings:

Staphylo = Cluster of grapes Strepto = Twisted-stem Coccus = Grain, seed, or berry Spirochete = Spiral-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hemolysis types with their corresponding effects on red blood cells:

Alpha hemolysis = Complete breakdown of red blood cells Beta hemolysis = Partial breakdown of red blood cells with reduction of hemoglobin Gamma hemolysis = No breakdown of red blood cells None = Not applicable Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacterial nutrition preferences with their corresponding food sources:

Hemophiles = Blood Chocolatophiles = Chocolate Halophiles = Salt None = Not applicable Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacterial identification methods with their corresponding techniques:

Biochemical analysis = Semi-automated growth loaded into plate with biochemicals read MALDI-TOF = Protein analysis with fingerprints and IDs species Gram staining = Differentiates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria TSI = Identifies bacterial growth on triple sugar iron agar Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacterial species with their corresponding characteristics:

Staphylococcus Aureus = Gram-positive, beta hemolysis Streptococcus Pneumonia = Gram-positive, alpha hemolysis E. coli = Gram-negative, rod-shaped Pseudomonas = Gram-negative, aerobic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of antibiotics with their routes of administration:

Oral medication = pills IV medication = directly into a vein Ointment or cream = topical application Eye drops = direct application to the eyes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of antibiotic sensitivity testing:

Sensitive = Growth around the disc Resistant = A clear zone around disc Sensitivity = Growth around the disc Resistance = A clear zone around disc Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their implications on antibiotic treatment:

Overuse of antibiotics has resulted in AMR = Some infections are now ineffective New antibiotics will be restricted = Last resort treatment New antibiotics will be widely available = First line treatment Antibiotics are no longer effective = No treatment options Signup and view all the answers

Match the following challenges with their context in antibiotic development:

Identification of new chemical matter = Unique physicochemical characteristics Discovery of new antibiotics = Last resort treatment Development of new antibiotics = Unique modes of action Testing of antibiotic sensitivity = Bacterial suspension Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their context in the history of antibiotics:

Introducing antibiotics into clinical use was a major breakthrough = 20th century Antibiotics were first used in the 19th century = First line treatment Antibiotics are no longer effective = 21st century Overuse of antibiotics has resulted in AMR = 19th century Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in the context of antibiotic sensitivity testing:

Clear zone = Growth around the disc Growth around the disc = Resistant to antibiotic Inoculate = Add discs with different antibiotics Bacterial suspension = Add to entire plate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neisseria/Moraxella Wound MacConkey Agar (MAC)

Selective media for lactose fermentation, with a pH indicator (neutral red) and inhibitors (crystal violet and bile salts) for Gram-positive bacteria
Specimens include urine, blood, respiratory, genital, and wound samples

Basic Equipment

Loops (reusable or disposable) and incinerators for aseptic technique
Media (solid or liquid) for growth requirements
Aspectic technique practiced to prevent contamination

Growth Requirements

Air: aerobic, anaerobic, or microaerobic environments
CO2 levels: some require increased CO2 (e.g., Campylobacter)
Temperature: 35-37°C (some species require different temperatures, e.g., Listeria monocytogenes at 4°C)
pH: most prefer neutral pH (6.5-7.5), but some are acidophiles (e.g., Helicobacter pylori)

Gram Stain

Differential stain to identify Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Errors can occur due to over- or under-decolorization, incorrect order of steps, or damaged cell walls
Mixed cultures can lead to false results

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing

Inoculate plate with bacterial suspension and add antibiotic discs
Clear zone around disc indicates sensitivity, while growth around the disc indicates resistance

Microbiology

Importance of microbiology in patient care, antimicrobial resistance, and antibiotic development
Objectives include describing microbiology plate differences, quadrant streaking, Gram stain, and the importance of microbe identification for patient care

Bacteria Cell Walls

About 90% of bacteria have a cell wall, with two main types: Gram-positive and Gram-negative
Gram stain identifies cell wall types, with potential errors due to over- or under-decolorization

Microbe Identification

Importance of identification for patient care, antibiotic sensitivity testing, and antimicrobial resistance
Rapid microbe identification using MALDI-TOF and genetic analysis for infection control and epidemiological studies

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Description

Test your knowledge of microbiology, including the importance of microbe identification, gram staining, and sensitivity testing. Learn about different types of microbes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and how to identify them. Understand the significance of microbiology in patient care.