Introduction to Chemotherapy
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Questions and Answers

What effect may pregnancy have on women regarding antimicrobial agents?

  • It ensures therapeutic levels of all antibiotics.
  • It has no impact on antimicrobial agent reactions.
  • It may increase the risk of reactions for both mother and fetus. (correct)
  • It decreases the risk of reactions to antibiotics.

    • What complication is associated with the use of streptomycin in pregnant women?

  • Delay in fetal growth.
  • Hearing loss in children. (correct)
  • Fetal skeletal abnormalities.
  • Increased risk of renal failure in the mother.

    • What is a potential effect of tetracycline on fetuses during pregnancy?

  • Has no effect on fetal development.
  • Enhances bone density in the fetus.
  • Can affect the bones and teeth of the fetus. (correct)
  • Improves antibiotic effectiveness in pregnant women.

    • What may occur due to the administration of tetracycline during pregnancy?

    <p>Fatal acute fatty block necrosis of the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge may arise for patients who acetylate isoniazid rapidly?

    <p>Sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations of isoniazid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of host defenses?

    <p>They can be both intact and active or impaired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can limit the efficacy of antibiotic treatment?

    <p>Concentration of drugs at the site of infection being insufficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition to consider a microorganism susceptible to an antibiotic?

    <p>The concentration of the drug at the site must be adequate and non-toxic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of prophylaxis in the context of infections?

    <p>To protect healthy individuals from specific microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one successful example of prophylaxis mentioned?

    <p>Rifampin to prevent meningococcal meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about empirical therapy is true?

    <p>It is one reason for the combination of antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is knowledge of microbiology important in selecting antimicrobials?

    <p>It is essential for rational and effective antimicrobial selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative is suggested to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections caused by E. coli?

    <p>The use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole intermittently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of prolonged administration of empirical broad-spectrum coverage?

    <p>Increased risk of resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might rifampin administration be recommended?

    <p>After exposure to a meningococcal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections does intermittent use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole target?

    <p>Recurrent urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical prophylaxis?

    <p>To prevent infectious complications in traumatized areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might there be reluctance to change antimicrobial agents in certain cases?

    <p>Understandable when a favorable clinical response has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of patients commonly receive fluoroquinolone for prophylaxis?

    <p>Patients undergoing organ transplantation or cancer chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the focus when selecting an antimicrobial drug for prophylaxis?

    <p>Using the most selectively active drug that produces the fewest adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surgeries might require antimicrobial prophylaxis?

    <p>Bowel surgery and surgeries related to acute appendicitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis?

    <p>It can lead to unnecessary expense and resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fluoroquinolone function in prophylactic care?

    <p>By preventing various infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drawback is associated with the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents?

    <p>They may increase the risk of adverse effects and resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential life-threatening effect of inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis?

    <p>Respiratory paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism by which quinolones exhibit resistance?

    <p>Alteration of the alpha subunit of DNA gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary actions of metronidazole?

    <p>Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis?

    <p>Enhanced drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misuse of antibiotics is highlighted in the content?

    <p>Using antibiotics for self-limiting viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the diseases caused by viruses is true?

    <p>They often have no effective treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis have on antibody production?

    <p>Inhibit antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do topoisomerases play in DNA synthesis?

    <p>They are involved in DNA supercoiling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the mechanism of bacitracin?

    <p>Inhibits RNA transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of intrinsic resistance in gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Decreased uptake of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can a short-duration fever persist without localizing signs?

    <p>A few days to 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antimetabolite agents is primarily associated with sulfonamides?

    <p>Dapsone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome frequently associated with empirical antimicrobial therapy in undefined viral infections?

    <p>Recovery without intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of trimethoprim in combination therapies?

    <p>It synergizes with sulfonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally causes recovery from viral infections with undefined origins?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is cited as a cause of adverse effects of antibiotics?

    <p>Improper dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epidemiologic Considerations

    • G6PD deficiency can cause hemolysis in patients, necessitating careful medication management.
    • Patients with rapid acetylation of isoniazid may have sub-therapeutic plasma drug concentrations.

    Host Defenses

    • Host defenses are categorized as intact & active or impaired.
    • Pregnancy increases the risk of adverse reactions to antimicrobial agents in both mother and fetus.
    • Streptomycin during pregnancy can lead to hearing loss in children.
    • Tetracycline exposure in pregnant women can harm fetal bone and tooth development and may result in acute fatty liver degeneration.

    Prophylaxis

    • Prophylactic measures can safeguard healthy individuals from specific microbial infections.
    • Successful prophylaxis examples:
      • Rifampin prevents meningococcal meningitis transmission in close contacts.
      • Prophylaxis for gonorrhea/syphilis post-exposure to infected individuals.
      • Oral fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in organ transplant and chemotherapy patients.
    • Avoid unnecessary prolonged empirical antibiotic use to prevent resistance and high costs.
    • Changing effective antimicrobial agents can be challenging due to prior positive clinical outcomes.

    Surgical Prophylaxis

    • Aimed to prevent infections in surgically traumatized areas, such as during bowel surgery.
    • Focus on using selective, active drugs with minimal adverse effects.

    Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

    • Quinolones: Inhibit DNA gyrases for DNA supercoiling; can lead to resistance via alpha subunit alteration and decreased uptake.

    Misuse of Antibiotics

    • Treating nonresponsive infections, especially viral infections where antibiotics are ineffective, is a common error.
    • Antibiotics are often misused for self-limiting viral diseases.

    Types of Fever

    • Short duration fevers, often of unknown origin, can last from a few days to weeks, frequently linked to unexplained viral infections.
    • Empirical antimicrobial therapy may be unnecessary for these fevers.

    Adverse Effects of Antibiotics

    • Improper dosage and adverse reactions are critical concerns in antibiotic therapy.

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    Description

    This quiz covers important considerations in microbiology and pharmacology, including the management of G6PD deficiency and implications of host defenses. It also addresses prophylactic measures for infections and potential risks associated with medication during pregnancy. Test your understanding of these critical concepts.

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